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How does Commiphora mukul work to lower cholesterol?
Commiphora mukul contains active compounds called guggulsterones (E and Z isomers) that function as antagonists of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. By blocking FXR signaling, guggulsterones promote cholesterol conversion to bile acids and enhance excretion. The herb also appears to stimulate thyroid hormone production, which may further support lipid metabolism. Evidence level: C (limited controlled trials support this mechanism).
What medications does Commiphora mukul interact with?
Commiphora mukul has clinically significant interactions with several medication classes. It should not be combined with thyroid medications (such as levothyroxine) due to additive thyroid-stimulating effects. The herb may potentiate blood thinners like warfarin, increasing bleeding risk. Additionally, guggul affects estrogen metabolism and can interfere with estrogen-containing medications, including oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Patients taking these medications should avoid guggul or consult a healthcare provider before use.
What is the recommended dosage of Commiphora mukul?
The standard adult dosage for Commiphora mukul is 500mg of standardized extract taken three times daily, totaling approximately 1500mg per day. Extracts should be standardized to contain guggulsterones, typically at 2.5-5% concentration. Clinical studies on hyperlipidemia have used similar dosing protocols. Dosage may vary depending on the specific formulation and condition being addressed. Always follow product label instructions or consult a qualified healthcare practitioner for personalized dosing guidance.
Is Commiphora mukul safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding?
No, Commiphora mukul is considered unsafe during pregnancy and should be strictly avoided. The herb has traditionally been used to stimulate menstruation and may possess uterine-stimulating properties that could pose risks to pregnancy maintenance. Additionally, guggul's effects on hormone levels may impact fetal development. Safety during breastfeeding has not been established, so lactating women should also avoid this herb. Women who are pregnant, planning pregnancy, or nursing should not use Commiphora mukul products.
What are the common side effects of Commiphora mukul?
Reported side effects of Commiphora mukul include gastrointestinal upset, nausea, headache, and mild skin rash. Some individuals experience diarrhea or abdominal discomfort, particularly during initial use. Allergic skin reactions have been documented in rare cases. Due to the herb's thyroid-stimulating properties, individuals with thyroid disorders may experience symptoms related to altered thyroid function. Side effects are generally mild and often resolve with continued use or dosage adjustment. Discontinue use if severe or persistent reactions occur.
What is Commiphora mukul used for in herbal medicine?
Commiphora mukul, known as guggul in Ayurvedic medicine, is primarily used for hyperlipidemia, obesity, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and atherosclerosis. The resinous extract has been studied for its cholesterol-lowering effects, with some clinical trials showing modest reductions in total cholesterol and triglycerides (Evidence level: C). Its anti-inflammatory properties make it relevant for joint conditions like arthritis. Traditional use also includes weight management and thyroid support, though robust clinical evidence for these applications remains limited.
Fiche d'information compilée à partir de PubMed
Cette fiche a été compilée à partir de résumés PubMed (NIH) avec l'assistance d'une IA. Chaque affirmation factuelle est citée par un article PubMed réel (voir la liste des sources). Elle n'a pas encore été révisée par un humain — confirmez auprès d'un professionnel de santé avant utilisation.
Compilé à partir de 30 articles PubMed · modèle : gemma4:31b
Résumé
Commiphora mukul, also known as Guggulu, is an ancient Ayurvedic herb used primarily for managing lipid disorders and inflammation [PMID:37301302, PMID:18078436].
Contexte
Commiphora mukul is a short thorny shrub native to the Indian subcontinent, specifically the dry regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat in India and bordering regions of Pakistan [PMID:22388973, PMID:26587309]. The medicinal part is an oleo-gum resin tapped from incisions made in the bark [PMID:26587309, PMID:22388973].
Usages traditionnels
Traditionally used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicine to treat inflammation, diabetes, rheumatism, arthritis, obesity, hyperlipidemia, liver disorders, internal tumors, malignant sores, ulcers, urinary complaints, intestinal worms, leucoderma, sinus, edema, and sudden paralytic seizures [PMID:37301302, PMID:26561056, PMID:29746995].
Composés actifs
The primary bioactive constituents are the plant sterols E- and Z-guggulsterone [PMID:12626688, PMID:32110820]. The resin also contains volatile oils (monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoids), steroids, flavonoids, guggultetrols, lignans, sugars, amino acids, and polypodane-type triterpenes such as myrrhanol A and myrrhanone A [PMID:26587309, PMID:15467235].
Mécanisme d'action
Guggulsterones act as antagonist ligands for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which regulates bile acids and cholesterol homeostasis [PMID:12626688, PMID:27771932]. They also modulate gene expression by regulating transcription factors including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and the pregnane X receptor [PMID:27771932, PMID:22388973]. In cancer cells, they may induce apoptosis by downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bcl-2, survivin) and targeting PI3-kinase/AKT and JAK/STAT pathways [PMID:26561056, PMID:28261317, PMID:38148708].
Preuves cliniques
Preuve CHypercholesterolemia/Hyperlipidemia
Cumulative data from clinical studies largely support therapeutic claims for lipid lowering, though some modern trials show modest or inconsistent results [PMID:18078436, PMID:37300664]. Evidence suggests reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, and elevations in HDL [PMID:16338199, PMID:20858178].
Preuve CInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Commiphora mukul is considered effective in IBD due to its immunomodulatory properties [PMID:20857519].
Preuve CCancer
Guggulsterone has demonstrated potential to prevent and treat cancers by inhibiting tumor cell growth and inducing apoptosis in in vitro and in vivo studies [PMID:26561056, PMID:28261317, PMID:38148708].
Synthèse des preuves
The evidence is primarily based on traditional use and review articles (Level C), with some clinical trials (Level B) showing inconsistent results for lipid-lowering effects. Preclinical data strongly support its molecular mechanisms in cholesterol regulation and oncology.
Sources PubMed
1.PMID: 37301302 (2023) — Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.: Historical records, application rules, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical research, and adverse reaction. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
2.PMID: 26561056 (2016) — Guggulsterone for Chemoprevention of Cancer. · Current pharmaceutical design
3.PMID: 12626688 (2003) — GUGULIPID: a natural cholesterol-lowering agent. · Annual review of nutrition
4.PMID: 18078436 (2007) — Therapeutic effects of guggul and its constituent guggulsterone: cardiovascular benefits. · Cardiovascular drug reviews
5.PMID: 16338199 (2005) — Guggul for hyperlipidemia: a review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. · Complementary therapies in medicine
Sources gouvernementales
Aucune monographie gouvernementale directe n'est disponible pour cette plante. Le contenu ci-dessous est généré par IA et n'a pas été vérifié par rapport à une source gouvernementale faisant autorité. Utilisez les liens de recherche pour consulter les sources officielles avant de vous fier à ces informations.
6.PMID: 20857519 (2010) — A review of the efficacy of traditional Iranian medicine for inflammatory bowel disease. · World journal of gastroenterology
7.PMID: 27771932 (2016) — Guggulsterone and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. · Advances in experimental medicine and biology
8.PMID: 32110820 (2020) — Guggulipid: A Promising Multi-Purpose Herbal Medicinal Agent. · Drug research
9.PMID: 26587309 (2015) — Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Oleo-Gum Resin of Commiphora wightii (Guggulu). · Scientifica
10.PMID: 22388973 (2012) — Pharmacological properties of guggulsterones, the major active components of gum guggul. · Phytotherapy research : PTR
11.PMID: 28261317 (2017) — Potential therapeutic targets of Guggulsterone in cancer. · Nutrition & metabolism
12.PMID: 37300664 (2023) — Supplements for Lipid Lowering: What Does the Evidence Show? · Current cardiology reports
13.PMID: 29746995 (2018) — Rising trade, declining stocks: The global gugul (Commiphora wightii) trade. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
14.PMID: 15467235 (2004) — Absolute stereostructures of polypodane-type triterpenes, myrrhanol A and myrrhanone A, from guggul-gum resin (the resin of Balsamodendron mukul). · Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
15.PMID: 20858178 (2010) — The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia; a systematic review. · Current pharmaceutical design
16.PMID: 38148708 (2024) — Current stage of preclinical and clinical development of guggulsterone in cancers: Challenges and promises. · Cell biology international