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Peganum harmala
Widely used in Middle Eastern, North African, and Central Asian traditional medicine as a psychoactive, antimicrobial, and anthelmintic herb; seeds burned ritually.
Harmel (Peganum harmala) is a psychoactive and medicinal herb traditionally used in Middle Eastern, North African, and Central Asian cultures for spiritual purification, anthelmintic therapy, and treatment of fever and rheumatic conditions. Its primary active compounds—harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine, vasicine, and rutin—confer MAO-inhibiting, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Modern research supports its use as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, though clinical evidence remains limited (Level C).
Harmine and harmaline are reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain, which underlies its psychoactive and antidepressant effects. These β-carboline alkaloids also interact with 5-HT2A serotonin receptors and inhibit acetylcholinesterase, contributing to neuroactive and potential cognitive effects. Vasicine exhibits bronchodilatory and expectorant activity via histamine release and smooth muscle relaxation, while rutin provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions through free radical scavenging and inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes. The antimicrobial effects are attributed to membrane disruption and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in pathogens.
Widely used in Middle Eastern, North African, and Central Asian traditional medicine as a psychoactive, antimicrobial, and anthelmintic herb; seeds burned ritually.
Harmel (Peganum harmala) is a psychoactive and medicinal herb traditionally used in Middle Eastern, North African, and Central Asian cultures for spiritual purification, anthelmintic therapy, and treatment of fever and rheumatic conditions. Its primary active compounds—harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine, vasicine, and rutin—confer MAO-inhibiting, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Modern research supports its use as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, though clinical evidence remains limited (Level C).
Harmine and harmaline are reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain, which underlies its psychoactive and antidepressant effects. These β-carboline alkaloids also interact with 5-HT2A serotonin receptors and inhibit acetylcholinesterase, contributing to neuroactive and potential cognitive effects. Vasicine exhibits bronchodilatory and expectorant activity via histamine release and smooth muscle relaxation, while rutin provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions through free radical scavenging and inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes. The antimicrobial effects are attributed to membrane disruption and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in pathogens.