Unani Mulethi Root

Mulethi root (Glycyrrhiza glabra var. persica) works primarily through glycyrrhizin, which inhibits the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This inhibition increases cortisol availability at the tissue level, producing anti-inflammatory effects. Glabridin contributes antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, while liquiritin and isoliquiritin provide spasmolytic effects on smooth muscle. In Unani medicine, these mechanisms explain its traditional use for respiratory soothing, digestive healing, and hormonal modulation. Evidence level: C.

Mulethi root interacts with several medication classes. Due to glycyrrhizin's effects on cortisol metabolism and potassium levels, it should not be combined with diuretics (especially thiazides and loop diuretics), digoxin, corticosteroids, or antihypertensive medications. These combinations may cause severe hypokalemia, hypertension, or reduced drug effectiveness. Patients on blood thinners, oral contraceptives, or hormone therapies should also exercise caution. The interaction risk increases with prolonged use or higher doses. Always consult a healthcare provider before combining with prescription medications. Evidence level: C.

The typical adult dosage of Mulethi root is 1-4 grams of dried root daily, taken as a decoction, powder, or infusion. For deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) extract, the recommended dose is 200-400mg daily. Traditional Unani preparations may combine Mulethi with other herbs like honey or ginger for respiratory conditions. Doses above 4 grams daily should only be used under professional supervision due to increased risk of side effects. Duration of use should generally not exceed 4-6 weeks without medical guidance. Evidence level: Traditional/C.

Mulethi root is considered unsafe during pregnancy and should be avoided. Glycyrrhizin can cross the placenta and may affect fetal development, potentially causing altered cortisol metabolism in the developing fetus. Studies suggest associations with preterm birth and lower birth weight when consumed in high amounts. Breastfeeding women should also avoid Mulethi due to insufficient safety data. Women planning pregnancy or using hormonal contraceptives should consult healthcare providers before use. Evidence level: C.

In Unani medicine, Mulethi root (Persian licorice) is valued as a respiratory soother, digestive healer, and hormonal balancer. It acts as an expectorant for coughs and bronchial congestion, reduces gastric inflammation, and modulates hormonal pathways. Traditional practitioners use it for sore throats, peptic discomfort, and menstrual irregularities. The anti-inflammatory and demulcent properties make it useful for irritated mucous membranes. While these uses are well-documented in Unani texts, modern clinical evidence remains limited. Evidence level: C/Traditional.

Prolonged use of Mulethi root can cause significant side effects, primarily hypertension and hypokalemia (low potassium levels). These effects result from glycyrrhizin's impact on cortisol metabolism and mineralocorticoid activity. Symptoms may include muscle weakness, fluid retention, headache, and irregular heartbeat. Extended use beyond 4-6 weeks increases risk of pseudoaldosteronism. People with existing hypertension, kidney disease, or heart conditions should avoid Mulethi entirely. Using DGL (deglycyrrhizinated licorice) products reduces but does not eliminate all risks. Evidence level: C.