This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your healthcare provider before using herbs, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medications, or have a medical condition.
PubMed · Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) roxb. (Bahera) in health and disease: A systematic and comprehensive review. (2020)
PubMed · <i>Terminalia bellirica</i> Fruit Extract Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Regulating Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Mediators, and Cytokines. (2023)
Reviewed by: HerbAlly Editorial Team, Medical herbalists and healthcare professionals
This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Terminalia bellirica (Bibhitaki) is an ancient medicinal herb used across South and Southeast Asia, recognized for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective properties [PMID:32781393, PMID:33312421].
Background
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., also known as Bahera or Bibhitaki, is an evergreen tree from the Combretaceae family [PMID:32781393, PMID:33312421, PMID:28389325]. It is a primary component of the Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Triphala [PMID:40401115, PMID:28696777].
Traditional uses
It is used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and traditional Chinese medicine [PMID:32781393]. Traditional applications include treating hypertension, rheumatism, diabetes [PMID:27314393], and serving as a general health tonic and rejuvenator [PMID:33900343, PMID:28651233]. It is also used in Tibetan medical practices [PMID:40054639].
Active compounds
Bioactive constituents include total phenols, flavonoids, condensed and hydrolyzable tannins [PMID:38349742], ellagic acid [PMID:33312421], octyl gallate, and gallic acid [PMID:36988844]. Specific isolated compounds include thannilignan 9-O-β-glucoside, 2-(β-glucopyranosyl)-3-isoxazolin-5-one derivative, corilagin, and β-D-glucopyranose 1,3,6-trigallate [PMID:35040087].
Mechanism of action
T. bellirica exhibits anti-tumor activity by inducing apoptosis, reducing angiogenesis, and regulating EGFR-signaling [PMID:33900343]. It modulates tumor-associated macrophages by promoting polarization from the M2 phenotype toward the anti-tumor M1 phenotype [PMID:36057223]. In gastrointestinal health, it reinforces the intestinal physical and biochemical barriers by elevating sIgA expression and decreasing cytokine secretion [PMID:36699727]. It also inhibits 15-lipoxygenase and reduces mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and LOX-1 in macrophages [PMID:27314393].
Clinical evidence
Evidence BOral health (Streptococcus mutans)
The effectiveness of T. bellirica aqueous extract rinses was assessed against salivary S. mutans count [PMID:28384980]
Evidence DHepatotoxicity
Fruit extracts provided protection against oxidative stress and liver damage induced by Aceclofenac in rats [PMID:33312421]
Evidence DHepatocellular Carcinoma
Total tannin fractions significantly inhibited orthotopic tumor growth in mouse models [PMID:36057223, PMID:33900343]
Evidence DAndrogenetic Alopecia
Oral administration of fruit extract increased hair follicles in the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice, showing greater effect than finasteride [PMID:37482816]
Evidence DBacterial Infections
Extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, MRSA, E. coli, B. cereus, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. typhimurium [PMID:39452260, PMID:39770866]
Evidence DDengue Virus Infection
Safety & adverse effects
In vivo toxicity evaluation of aqueous acetone extract of T. bellirica fruits in female Wistar Albino rats up to 2000 mg/kg showed no alteration in behavioral patterns, food/water intake, or histological damage to liver and kidney [PMID:28389325].
Evidence summary
The evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies and animal models (Level D), with limited clinical trial data (Level B) regarding oral health. Systematic reviews (Level A) provide a comprehensive overview of traditional uses and pharmacological activities.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 32781393 (2020) — Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) roxb. (Bahera) in health and disease: A systematic and comprehensive review. · Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2.PMID: 40054639 (2025) — Anti Helicobacter pylori activity and gastrointestinal protective effects of Terminalia bellirica: Mechanistic insights from in vitro and in vivo studies. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
3.PMID: 40401115 (2025) — Triphala's characteristics and potential therapeutic uses in modern health. · International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology
4.PMID: 39452260 (2024) — Combinations of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. Extracts with Selected Antibiotics Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Bioactivity and Phytochemistry. · Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
T. bellirica extract significantly lowered virus production in Vero and Huh7 cells and diminished IL-6 and CXCL-10 expressions [PMID:34959637]
Evidence DHyperlipidemia
Triphala (containing T. bellirica) was evaluated for mitigating high fat diet induced-hyperlipidemia in rats [PMID:38075184]
(2017)
— Therapeutic Uses of Triphala in Ayurvedic Medicine.
· Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)
6.PMID: 38075184 (2022) — Evaluation of the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Triphala in high fat diet fed rats: Studies with two combinations. · Ayu
7.PMID: 39770866 (2024) — Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. Fruit Extracts Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens: Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy. · Microorganisms
8.PMID: 38349742 (2024) — Cold maceration extraction of wild fruit Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.: exploring its bioactives for biomedical applications. · Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology
9.PMID: 38586786 (2024) — Herbal-Based Green Synthesis of TB-ZnO-TiO(II) Nanoparticles Composite From Terminalia bellirica: Characterization, Toxicity Assay, Antioxidant Assay, and Antimicrobial Activity. · Cureus
10.PMID: 33312421 (2020) — Aceclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity: An ameliorative effect of Terminalia bellirica fruit and ellagic acid. · World journal of hepatology
11.PMID: 37482816 (2023) — The In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Fruit Extract on Testosterone-Induced Hair Loss. · Journal of microbiology and biotechnology
12.PMID: 30834179 (2019) — Chemical composition, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of methanol extracts from leaves of Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia sericea (Combretaceae). · PeerJ
13.PMID: 23239004 (2012) — Scientific validation of the ethnomedicinal properties of the Ayurvedic drug Triphala: a review. · Chinese journal of integrative medicine
14.PMID: 36699727 (2022) — Preventive effect of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. extract on mice infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. · Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
15.PMID: 36057223 (2022) — Tannins in Terminalia bellirica inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth via re-educating tumor-associated macrophages and restoring CD8+T cell function. · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
17.PMID: 30446379 (2020) — Phytochemical analysis of Pathyashadangam kwath and its standardization by HPLC and HPTLC. · Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine
18.PMID: 32534117 (2020) — Investigation on protective effect of Terminalia bellirica (Roxb.) against drugs induced cardiotoxicity in wistar albino rats. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
19.PMID: 35592742 (2022) — GC-MS-employed phytochemical characterization, synergistic antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential of Triphala methanol extract at non-equivalent ratios of its constituents. · Saudi journal of biological sciences
20.PMID: 34959637 (2021) — Triphala in Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine Inhibits Dengue Virus Infection in Huh7 Hepatoma Cells. · Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
22.PMID: 33900343 (2021) — Tannins in Terminalia bellirica inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth by regulating EGFR-signaling and tumor immunity. · Food & function
23.PMID: 28389325 (2017) — In vivo toxicity evaluation of aqueous acetone extract of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruit. · Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
24.PMID: 36988844 (2023) — Octyl Gallate and Gallic Acid Isolated from Terminalia bellirica Circumvent Breast Cancer Progression by Enhancing the Intrinsic Apoptotic Signaling Pathway and Elevating the Levels of Anti-oxidant Enzymes. · Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
25.PMID: 28384980 (2017) — Anti Bacterial Efficacy of Terminalia Chebula, Terminalia Bellirica, Embilica Officinalis and Triphala on Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Count - A Linear Randomized Cross Over Trial. · Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR
26.PMID: 28651233 (2017) — Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruit mitigates CCl4 induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
27.PMID: 35040087 (2022) — Thannilignan glucoside and 2-(β-glucopyranosyl)-3-isoxazolin-5-one derivative, two new compounds isolated from Terminalia bellirica. · Journal of natural medicines
28.PMID: 22523456 (2012) — Evaluation and quantification of angiogenesis activity of terminalia bellirica roxb, by mice sponge implantation method. · Journal of young pharmacists : JYP
29.PMID: 42220723 (2026) — Triphala as a Topical Agent in Gynaecological Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacological Actions and Applications. · Cureus