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BC
Anti-inflammatoryVerified
Boswellia Carteri
Boswellia carteri
Sacred incense in Islamic and Christian traditions
This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Boswellia carteri is a source of gum resin and essential oils containing boswellic acids, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, and anti-tumor activities [PMID:37740772, 32712132, 19296830].
Background
Boswellia carteri (also known as frankincense) is a tree species originating from Africa, India, and the Middle East that produces aromatic hardened gum resins [PMID:19296830, 30987305].
Traditional uses
Historically used for thousands of years in incense, perfumes, and traditional medicine to treat skin sores, wounds, teeth, inflammation, and urinary tract diseases [PMID:19296830, 29530608]. It has also been used in Egyptian traditional medicine [PMID:24354175] and Persian medicine for episiotomy wound healing [PMID:32971163].
Active compounds
The primary active constituents are pentacyclic triterpene molecules known as boswellic acids (BAs), including 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), alpha-boswellic acid, and beta-boswellic acid [PMID:37740772, 29720838, 16621377]. Essential oils contain volatile components such as alpha-pinene and limonene [PMID:37891886, 31582666].
Mechanism of action
Boswellic acids exhibit anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes [PMID:24354175]. They may suppress T cell function by affecting IL-2 transcription factor activity and reducing the secretion of IL-2 and IFN-gamma [PMID:32712132]. In cancer cells, they may induce apoptosis via caspase activation, upregulation of Bax expression, and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M or G1 phase [PMID:37740772, 29970196, 12600419].
Clinical evidence
Evidence BSecond-degree burn wounds
A sterilized formulation of B. carteri (40%) was compared to silver sulfadiazine cream 1% for healing efficacy [PMID:36895452].
Evidence BEpisiotomy wounds
Frankincense extract sitz-baths were investigated for their efficacy and safety in improving the wound healing process in primiparous women [PMID:32971163].
Safety & adverse effects
One review describes natural compounds like boswellic acids as being devoid of major toxicities [PMID:31443458].
Drug interactions
Extracts of B. carteri gum-resin have been identified as potent, non-selective inhibitors of major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 [PMID:16364338].
Evidence summary
Evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies, animal models, and a few small-scale randomized clinical trials focusing on wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 37740772 (2024) — The journey of boswellic acids from synthesis to pharmacological activities. · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology
2.PMID: 36015437 (2022) — Comparison of Volatile Constituents Present in Commercial and Lab-Distilled Frankincense (Boswellia carteri) Essential Oils for Authentication. · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
3.PMID: 32712132 (2020) — Boswellia carteri extract and 3-O-acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid suppress T cell function. · Fitoterapia
4.PMID: 19296830 (2009) — Frankincense oil derived from Boswellia carteri induces tumor cell specific cytotoxicity. · BMC complementary and alternative medicine
5.PMID: 31443458 (2019) — An Update on Pharmacological Potential of Boswellic Acids against Chronic Diseases.
Government sources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
6.PMID: 36895452 (2023) — Burn Wound Healing Effect of a Sterilized Traditional Formulation of Boswellia carteri vs. Silver Sulfadiazine Cream 1% in Patients Presenting Second-degree Burn Wounds: A Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial. · Iranian journal of medical sciences
7.PMID: 29720838 (2018) — Optimal Processing Conditions of Boswellia carteri Birdw. Using Response Surface Methodology. · Pharmacognosy magazine
8.PMID: 37891886 (2023) — Boswellia Essential Oil: Natural Antioxidant as an Effective Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agent. · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
9.PMID: 25637505 (2015) — Scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding by Avicenna. · Archives of gynecology and obstetrics
10.PMID: 31582666 (2019) — The Effects of Frankincense Essential Oil on Stress in Rats. · Journal of oleo science
11.PMID: 30987305 (2019) — Organic Certification is Not Enough: The Case of the Methoxydecane Frankincense. · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
12.PMID: 36565160 (2022) — Synergistic Effect of HAD-B1 and Afatinib Against Gefitinib Resistance of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. · Integrative cancer therapies
13.PMID: 32971163 (2021) — Episiotomy wound healing by Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and Boswellia carteri Birdw. in primiparous women: A randomized controlled trial. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
14.PMID: 40352903 (2025) — Boswellia carteri Birdw. Resin Extract Induces Phase-I Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Gene Expressions in Human Hepatocarcinoma (Hep G2) Cells: In vitro and in silico Studies. · Biologics : targets & therapy
15.PMID: 33342418 (2021) — Phyto-Facilitated Bimetallic ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles via Boswellia carteri: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anti-Cancer Activity. · Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry
16.PMID: 33880765 (2021) — In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of ZnFe2 O4 and CrFe2 O4 nanoparticles synthesized using Boswellia carteri resin. · Journal of food biochemistry
17.PMID: 16364338 (2006) — Analysis of frankincense from various Boswellia species with inhibitory activity on human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry after automated on-line extraction. · Journal of chromatography. A
18.PMID: 29696822 (2018) — Chemical Variation in Essential Oils from the Oleo-gum Resin of Boswellia carteri: A Preliminary Investigation. · Chemistry & biodiversity
19.PMID: 24856757 (2014) — Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of oleogum resin "Olibanum" from Bos Boswellia carteri Birdw. (Bursearceae). · Chinese journal of natural medicines
20.PMID: 32119592 (2020) — Evaluation of mucoadhesive property and the effect of Boswellia carteri gum on intranasal vaccination against small ruminant morbillivirus infection (PPR). · Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry
21.PMID: 25468535 (2015) — Identification of odorants in frankincense (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) by aroma extract dilution analysis and two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry. · Phytochemistry
22.PMID: 29530608 (2018) — Frankincense and myrrh essential oils and burn incense fume against micro-inhabitants of sacral ambients. Wisdom of the ancients? · Journal of ethnopharmacology
23.PMID: 16621377 (2006) — Anti-inflammatory activities of the triterpene acids from the resin of Boswellia carteri. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
24.PMID: 15922374 (2005) — A chemical investigation by headspace SPME and GC-MS of volatile and semi-volatile terpenes in various olibanum samples. · Phytochemistry
25.PMID: 32082975 (2020) — 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto- β -boswellic acid ameliorated aberrant metabolic landscape and inhibited autophagy in glioblastoma. · Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
26.PMID: 25795279 (2015) — Effects of the Four-Herb Compound ANBP on Wound Healing Promotion in Diabetic Mice. · The international journal of lower extremity wounds
27.PMID: 29970196 (2018) — 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid exerts anti-tumor effects in glioblastoma by arresting cell cycle at G2/M phase. · Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR
28.PMID: 12600419 (2003) — Boswellic acid acetate induces differentiation and apoptosis in highly metastatic melanoma and fibrosarcoma cells. · Cancer detection and prevention
29.PMID: 24354175 (2013) — Major constituents of Boswellia carteri resin exhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition and antiproliferative activity. · Natural product communications