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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 29 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Brassica oleracea is an agronomically important species of the Brassicaceae family comprising nutrient-rich vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower [PMID:36012543, PMID:18274519]. It is recognized for its high nutritional value and the presence of bioactive phytochemicals with potential health benefits [PMID:36092435, PMID:40007500].
Background
Brassica oleracea is a cultivated diploid vegetable crop with significant morphological diversity, including various morphotypes such as var. italica (broccoli), var. capitata (cabbage), and var. botrytis (cauliflower) [PMID:38421062, PMID:18274519, PMID:30066219]. It is grown and consumed globally and is used as a model for studies on genome evolution and morphology [PMID:36012543, PMID:36092435].
Active compounds
The herb contains a variety of phytochemicals, including glucosinolates (such as glucoraphanin), and their hydrolysis products like sulforaphane (an isothiocyanate) [PMID:37129118, PMID:40007500]. Other identified compounds include phenolic acids (sinapic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid), flavones, alkaloids, sulfur compounds, and flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercetin [PMID:36838827, PMID:37907131, PMID:28208739].
Mechanism of action
Broccoli-derived phytochemicals, particularly sulforaphane, provide antioxidant effects and modulate molecules involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and enzyme activity [PMID:37129118]. Brassica oleracea extract may regulate HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis to inhibit cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reduce reactive oxygen species and apoptosis-related proteins [PMID:37907131]. In hair follicle cells, extracts and sulforaphane can prevent testosterone-induced inhibition of cell viability and up-regulate cytokeratin gene expression [PMID:33901343].
Clinical evidence
Evidence CCancer
Consumption of broccoli-derived phytochemicals, specifically sulforaphane, is associated with chemopreventive effects and lower susceptibility to developing cancers [PMID:37129118].
Evidence DType 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Extracts from flowers of Brassica oleracea var. italica were found to prevent hyperglycemia [PMID:35465108]; red cabbage extract in rats lowered blood glucose levels and reversed adverse effects of diabetes [PMID:18830445].
Evidence DDiabetic Nephropathy
Daily oral ingestion of red cabbage extract in rats restored renal function and attenuated oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde [PMID:18830445].
Evidence DMyocardial Injury
Brassica oleracea leaf extract ameliorated isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in H9C2 cells and Wistar rats by reducing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and ROS levels [PMID:37907131].
Evidence DAndrogenic Alopecia
In vitro and ex vivo studies indicate that Brassica oleracea extract, glucosinolates, and sulforaphane promote hair growth by preventing testosterone-induced inhibition of dermal papilla cell viability [PMID:33901343].
Safety & adverse effects
In a study on flower extracts, mortality was nil up to 2,000 mg/kg [PMID:35465108].
Pregnancy & lactation
Broccoli has no specific use during breastfeeding, though sulforaphane is detectable in breastmilk [PMID:41855365]. Low-quality evidence suggests maternal cabbage ingestion might cause colic in breastfed infants, although there is no good evidence to support the assumption that eliminating broccoli changes infant behavior [PMID:41855365].
Evidence summary
The evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies, animal models (rats), and literature reviews. There are no human clinical trials provided in the abstracts; therefore, the overall strength of clinical evidence is low (Level C/D).
2.PMID: 41855365 (2006) — Editorial: Phytochemicals in ornamental plants: Synthesis, nutraceutical prospects and applied focus-Women in plant science series. · Frontiers in plant science
3.PMID: 42326000 (2026) — The Paraphyletic Origins of Genetic Resistance to Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle in Brassica oleracea. · Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)
4.PMID: 30066219 (2018) — Tissue culture and genetic transformation of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata): an overview. · Planta
5.PMID: 41859830 (2026) — Identification of Brassica oleracea germplasm resources resistant to Plutella xylostella (L.).
Government sources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
6.PMID: 37129118 (2024) — Anticancer activity of broccoli, its organosulfur and polyphenolic compounds. · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition
7.PMID: 36012543 (2022) — Multi-Omics Approaches to Improve Clubroot Resistance in Brassica with a Special Focus on Brassica oleracea L. · International journal of molecular sciences
8.PMID: 38421062 (2024) — A new chromosome-scale genome of wild Brassica oleracea provides insights into the domestication of Brassica crops. · Journal of experimental botany
9.PMID: 41730783 (2026) — A BolMYB34-l-BolTRY-l Regulatory Module Negatively Regulates Trichome Initiation in Brassica oleracea. · Plant, cell & environment
10.PMID: 36995631 (2023) — Efficient Targeted Mutagenesis in Brassica Crops Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. · Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)
11.PMID: 41684017 (2026) — Integrating Metabolic and Gene Expression Profiling of Glucosinolate Biosynthesis Under Drought Stress in Brassica oleracea. · International journal of molecular sciences
12.PMID: 29904237 (2018) — Seasonal and herbivore-induced dynamics of foliar glucosinolates in wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea). · Chemoecology
13.PMID: 36092435 (2022) — BoGDB: An integrative genomic database for Brassica oleracea L. · Frontiers in plant science
14.PMID: 36838827 (2023) — Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Kale (Brassica oleracea L. Var. acephala DC.) and Wild Cabbage (Brassica incana Ten.) Polyphenolic Extracts. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
15.PMID: 37907131 (2024) — Brassica oleracea L. extract ameliorates isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury by regulating HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. · Fitoterapia
16.PMID: 38168637 (2024) — A graph-based pan-genome of Brassica oleracea provides new insights into its domestication and morphotype diversification. · Plant communications
17.PMID: 28208739 (2017) — A Guide to the Variability of Flavonoids in Brassica oleracea. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
18.PMID: 35465108 (2022) — Brassica oleracea Extracts Prevent Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. · Preventive nutrition and food science
19.PMID: 42343754 (2026) — [Research progress in breeding disease-resistant varieties of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L]. · Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology
20.PMID: 36180381 (2023) — The growth-immunity tradeoff in Brassica oleracea-Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pathosystem. · Plant, cell & environment
21.PMID: 41696161 (2026) — Biochemical characterization of two Brassica oleracea nitrile-specifier proteins. · Frontiers in plant science
22.PMID: 36233166 (2022) — A Mutation in the MYBL2-1 Gene Is Associated with Purple Pigmentation in Brassica oleracea. · International journal of molecular sciences
23.PMID: 37687321 (2023) — Improvements in Protoplast Isolation Protocol and Regeneration of Different Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Cultivars. · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
24.PMID: 31830466 (2020) — Role of chemical cues in cabbage stink bug host plant selection. · Journal of insect physiology
25.PMID: 18274519 (2008) — Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea. · Nature protocols
26.PMID: 18830445 (2008) — Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats. · Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
27.PMID: 40007500 (2025) — Brassica oleracea as a functional crop: phytochemical potential and sustainable applications. · Journal of the science of food and agriculture
28.PMID: 33901343 (2022) — Brassica oleracea extract, glucosinlates, and sulforaphane promote hair growth in vitro and ex vivo. · Journal of cosmetic dermatology
29.PMID: 15614485 (2004) — The chromoplasts of Or mutants of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis). · Protoplasma