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Chlorophytum borivilianum
Chlorophytum borivilianum
Traditional Ayurvedic male sexual tonic and adaptogen
This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Chlorophytum borivilianum, also known as Safed Musli, is a traditional Indian medicinal herb used primarily for its aphrodisiac, rejuvenating, and immunomodulatory properties [PMID:24045177, PMID:19751181].
Background
Chlorophytum borivilianum (Liliaceae) is an eminent medicinal plant of India, often referred to as 'white gold' or 'divya aushad' [PMID:24045177, PMID:19751181]. It is utilized across Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic, and Allopathic systems of medicine [PMID:19751181].
Traditional uses
Traditionally used in India for treating male impotency [PMID:24045177]. It is used as a general sex tonic, aphrodisiac, and revitalizer, and to treat physical illness, weakness, diabetes, arthritis, rheumatism, joint pains, diarrhea, dysentery, gonorrhea, and leucorrhea [PMID:19751181]. It is also used to increase body immunity and address natal and postnatal problems, including increasing lactation in feeding mothers [PMID:19751181].
Active compounds
The roots contain steroidal and triterpenoidal saponins (including Chlorophytoside-I), sapogenins, fructans, stigmasterol, and various fatty acids [PMID:19751181, PMID:21713136]. Saponins are considered the principal bioactive components [PMID:26458557].
Mechanism of action
The herb exhibits antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals (DPPH and NO) and increasing the activity of endogenous enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) [PMID:37025174, PMID:25104050, PMID:20843110]. It may modulate the immune system by stimulating natural killer (NK) cell activity via its polysaccharide fraction [PMID:21792363]. In skin inflammation, it may downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions (IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-α) and reduce serum IgE levels [PMID:42126771].
Clinical evidence
Evidence BSleep Quality
A dietary supplement containing C. borivilianum and velvet bean improved sleep quality across all categories of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in healthy men and women [PMID:22778558]
Evidence BGrowth Hormone Levels
Acute ingestion of a blend of C. borivilianum and velvet bean increased serum growth hormone in exercise-trained men, with peak values at 80 minutes post-ingestion [PMID:23946662]
Evidence DMale Reproductive Function (Animal Models)
Root extracts increased sexual vigour, libido, sperm count, and sperm motility in rats [PMID:26952773]. It prevented sperm impairment and oxidative stress in diabetic rats [PMID:25104050] and protected sperm integrity against gamma irradiation [PMID:37025174] and arsenic-induced toxicity [PMID:23534213].
Evidence DDiabetes (Animal Model)
Aqueous root extract maintained near-normal blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and lipid profile levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [PMID:25249786]
Evidence DHyperlipidaemia (Animal Model)
Root powder significantly increased HDL-cholesterol and decreased plasma and hepatic lipid profiles in hypercholesteraemic rats [PMID:17250646]
Safety & adverse effects
Root extract showed no toxic effect up to a dose of 800 mg/kg body weight/day in animal studies [PMID:20843110]. In a human study on sleep quality, resting heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic panels remained stable [PMID:22778558].
Pregnancy & lactation
Traditionally used to increase lactation in feeding mothers [PMID:19751181].
Evidence summary
The evidence consists primarily of animal-based preclinical studies (Level D) and a few small-scale human trials (Level B) regarding sleep and growth hormone. There is strong preclinical evidence for reproductive and antioxidant benefits, but limited large-scale clinical data.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 24045177 (2013) — Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): a review of its botany, ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
2.PMID: 26952773 (2016) — Standardised extract of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) increases aphrodisiac potential besides being safe in male Wistar rats. · Andrologia
3.PMID: 19751181 (2009) — Chlorophytum borivilianum: a white gold for biopharmaceuticals and neutraceuticals. · Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
4.PMID: 25104050 (2014) — Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed Musli) root extract prevents impairment in characteristics and elevation of oxidative stress in sperm of streptozotocin-induced adult male diabetic Wistar rats. · BMC complementary and alternative medicine
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
Topical administration of root extract and dichloromethane fraction improved clinical dermatitis scores and reduced epidermal hyperplasia [PMID:42126771]
Evidence DCardiotoxicity (Animal Model)
Ethanolic extract was evaluated for its role against doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats [PMID:40256579]
(2016)
— Induction, Subculture Cycle, and Regeneration of Callus in Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) using Different Types of Phytohormones.
· Pharmacognosy magazine
6.PMID: 40256579 (2024) — Role of Chlorophytum Borivilianum extract against Doxorubicin- induced Myocardial Toxicity in Albino Rats: Insilico and Invivo studies. · Archives of Razi Institute
7.PMID: 22557148 (2004) — Pharmacognostical evaluation of chlorophytum borivilianum root. · Ancient science of life
8.PMID: 36894686 (2023) — Heterologous expression of Chlorophytum borivilianum Squalene epoxidase in tobacco modulates stigmasterol production and alters vegetative and reproductive growth. · Plant cell reports
9.PMID: 23957231 (2014) — Bioefficacy of hydromethanolic extract of tuber of Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed Musli) for the management of male infertility in cyproterone acetate-treated albino rats. · Andrologia
10.PMID: 37025174 (2023) — Radical scavenging activity of Chlorophytum borivilianum L. root extract and its protective role in cauda epididymal sperm integrity in Mus musculus after gamma irradiation. · Frontiers in cell and developmental biology
11.PMID: 21792363 (2011) — Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide from Chlorophytum borivilianum Roots. · Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
12.PMID: 18227908 (2007) — Immunomodulatory Activity of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F. · Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
13.PMID: 20843110 (2010) — Anti-tumour, anti-mutagenic and chemomodulatory potential of Chlorophytum borivilianum. · Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP
14.PMID: 25249786 (2014) — Chlorophytum borivilianum root extract maintains near normal blood glucose, insulin and lipid profile levels and prevents oxidative stress in the pancreas of streptozotocin-induced adult male diabetic rats. · International journal of medical sciences
15.PMID: 21713136 (2010) — Isolation and characterization of phytoconstituents from Chlorophytum borivilianum. · Pharmacognosy research
16.PMID: 37572930 (2024) — Chlorophytum borivilianum aqueous root extract prevents deterioration of testicular function in mice and preserves human sperm function in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
17.PMID: 35111049 (2021) — Differential Activity of Antioxidants in Testicular Tissues Following Administration of Chlorophytum borivilianum in Gamma-Irradiated Swiss Albino Mice. · Frontiers in pharmacology
18.PMID: 23534213 (2012) — Antioxidant and modulatory role of Chlorophytum borivilianum against arsenic induced testicular impairment. · Journal of environmental sciences (China)
19.PMID: 24688363 (2014) — Potential regulatory role of gibberellic and humic acids in sprouting of Chlorophytum borivilianum tubers. · TheScientificWorldJournal
20.PMID: 17250646 (2007) — Ameliorative effect of Chlorophytum borivilianum root on lipid metabolism in hyperlipaemic rats. · Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
21.PMID: 29281971 (2017) — Small RNA profiling for identification of miRNAs involved in regulation of saponins biosynthesis in Chlorophytum borivilianum. · BMC plant biology
22.PMID: 35837836 (2023) — Photosynthetic, Biochemical and Secondary Metabolite Changes in a Medicinal Plant Chlorophytum borivillianum (Safed musli) against Low and High Doses of UV-B Radiation. · Photochemistry and photobiology
23.PMID: 23572975 (2010) — In vitro propagation of an endangered medicinal herb Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand. through somatic embryogenesis. · Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology
24.PMID: 22778558 (2012) — A dietary supplement containing chlorophytum borivilianum and velvet bean improves sleep quality in men and women. · Integrative medicine insights
25.PMID: 23946662 (2011) — A blend of chlorophytum borivilianum and velvet bean increases serum growth hormone in exercise-trained men. · Nutrition and metabolic insights
26.PMID: 26458557 (2016) — RNA-Seq mediated root transcriptome analysis of Chlorophytum borivilianum for identification of genes involved in saponin biosynthesis. · Functional & integrative genomics
27.PMID: 42126771 (2026) — Ameliorative effects of Chlorophytum borivilianum on atopic dermatitis via modulation of inflammatory biomarkers and GC-MS-based metabolite profiling. · Molecular biology reports
28.PMID: 35105278 (2022) — A comparative analysis of saponin-enriched fraction from Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, Sapindus mukorossi (Gaertn) and Chlorophytum borivilianum (Santapau and Fernandes): an in vitro hemolytic and cytotoxicity evaluation. · Animal biotechnology