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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Plumeria rubra is a tropical ornamental plant with diverse traditional uses and documented pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties [PMID:32841700, 38202698, 32634455].
Background
Plumeria rubra (Apocynaceae) is a deciduous tropical tree known for its fragrant, colorful flowers and is commonly used in urban landscaping, parks, and gardens [PMID:32841700, 36406428].
Traditional uses
Different parts of the plant are traditionally used to treat leprosy, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, ulcers, wounds, itching, acne, toothache, earache, tongue cleaning, pain, asthma, constipation, and antifertility [PMID:32841700]. In China and Mexico, a decoction of the flowers is used for diabetes treatment [PMID:32634455].
Active compounds
Identified compounds include spirocyclic iridoid alkaloids (plumerianoids A-D and plumerianine) [PMID:39668723], carboxyl-substituted phenylpropionic acid derivatives (plumeriapropionics A-E) [PMID:38202698], and various volatile organic compounds such as 2-phenylethanol [PMID:30804010]. Flower extracts contain palmitic acid, linoleic acid, N-(O-Nitrophenylthio)-l-leucine, plumieridin B, lupeol, and rutin [PMID:39897934], as well as anthocyanins [PMID:23261702]. Other constituents include iridoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and fatty acids [PMID:39273963].
Mechanism of action
Certain flower compounds exhibit inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B [PMID:32634455]. Plumeriapropionics A-E inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells [PMID:38202698].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DCardiovascular Disorders
Crude leaf extract showed ex vivo vaso-relaxant effects in rabbit aorta and cardioprotective properties against adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction, reducing troponin, CK-MB, LDH, ALT, ALP, AST, and CRP levels [PMID:35011482]
Evidence DDiabetes Mellitus
Flower compounds showed moderate to significant inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B [PMID:32634455]; methanol leaf extract exhibited 91.23% α-glucosidase inhibitory activity [PMID:41035526]
Evidence DInflammation
Plumeriapropionics A-E from flowers showed remarkable inhibitory activities on NO production in vitro [PMID:38202698]
Massage therapy using frangipani aromatherapy oil was used to observe the reduction of childbirth pain intensity in pregnant women [PMID:31191785]
Safety & adverse effects
Plumeria rubra contains significant amounts of immunoreactive cardiac glycosides [PMID:3086679].
Pregnancy & lactation
General reviews on medicinal plants note that substances in herbal remedies can be toxic to the human body and the fetus, posing risks of embryotoxicity [PMID:33164294].
Evidence summary
The current evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies, animal models (rabbits), and quasi-experimental observations, indicating a low overall strength of clinical evidence (Level D).
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 33164294 (2021) — Is it safe to consume traditional medicinal plants during pregnancy? · Phytotherapy research : PTR
2.PMID: 36406428 (2022) — Host biology and genomic properties of Plumeria mosaic virus, a tobamovirus discovered in a temple tree in India co-infecting with frangipani mosaic virus. · Frontiers in microbiology
4.PMID: 32841700 (2021) — Plumeria rubra L.- A review on its ethnopharmacological, morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
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6.PMID: 32634455 (2020) — Potential anti-diabetic isoprenoids and a long-chain δ-lactone from frangipani (Plumeria rubra). · Fitoterapia
7.PMID: 30804010 (2019) — CYP79D73 Participates in Biosynthesis of Floral Scent Compound 2-Phenylethanol in Plumeria rubra. · Plant physiology
8.PMID: 41035526 (2025) — Solvent-dependent metabolite profile and in vitro biological activity of frangipani (Plumeria rubra) leaf extracts. · 3 Biotech
9.PMID: 31191785 (2019) — The Effect of Massage Therapy Using Frangipani Aromatherapy Oil to Reduce the Childbirth Pain Intensity. · International journal of therapeutic massage & bodywork
10.PMID: 23261702 (2013) — Performance of dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated with extracts from fruits of ivy gourd and flowers of red frangipani as sensitizers. · Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy
11.PMID: 38202698 (2023) — Plumeriapropionics A-E, Carboxyl-Substituted Phenylpropionic Acid Derivatives with Anti-Inflammatory Activity from Plumeria rubra L. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
12.PMID: 3086679 (1986) — Naturally occurring cardiac glycosides. · The Medical journal of Australia
13.PMID: 36510695 (2023) — Identification and screening of potential inhibitors obtained from Plumeria rubra L. compounds against type 2 diabetes mellitus. · Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics
14.PMID: 35011482 (2021) — Pharmacological Justification for the Medicinal Use of Plumeria rubra Linn. in Cardiovascular Disorders. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
15.PMID: 39273963 (2024) — Beyond the Scent: New Evidence about Micromorphological, Phytochemical and Biological Features of Plumeria rubra 'Tonda Palermitana' (Apocynaceae). · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)