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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Terminalia chebula, commonly known as Haritaki or Myrobalan, is a traditional medicinal plant used across various indigenous systems for its diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [PMID:36051270, PMID:28871682].
Background
Terminalia chebula Retz. (Family: Combretaceae) is a tree widely distributed in India and is highly valued in Tibetan, Unani, Tibb, Ayurveda, and Siddha medicine [PMID:24501534, PMID:36051270]. It is often referred to as the 'king' of Mongolian and Tibetan medicines [PMID:28871682].
Traditional uses
Traditionally used to treat ailments such as bleeding, carminative issues, dysentery, liver dysfunction, digestive disorders, diarrhea, analgesic needs, anthelmintic requirements, skin disorders [PMID:36051270], constipation, and diabetes [PMID:27400482]. Folklore uses also include asthma, sore throat, vomiting, hiccough, bleeding piles, ulcers, gout, and heart and bladder diseases [PMID:23620847].
Active compounds
Main chemical components include triterpene acid, galloyl glucose, anthraquinonoid [PMID:28871682], chebulinic acid [PMID:37605424], chebulic acid [PMID:30956868], flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids [PMID:32307775].
Mechanism of action
Mechanisms include the regulation of anti-inflammatory factors and suppression of STAT1/3 and NF-κB signaling [PMID:35830757], modulation of Nrf2 and its related enzymes to provide hepatoprotection [PMID:30956868], and inhibition of xanthine oxidase, the uric acid transporter, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in gout [PMID:40268110]. It also inhibits the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB axis in hyperuricemic nephropathy [PMID:38159820].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DGastrointestinal Transit
Both Churna and Vati dosage forms significantly shortened intestinal transit time in mice, with Churna being more effective [PMID:23723658].
Evidence DHyperlipidemia/Atherosclerosis
Reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and aortic sudanophilia in rabbits and rats [PMID:3225068, PMID:22247850, PMID:22557135].
Evidence DAtopic Dermatitis
Extract ameliorated symptoms in a mouse model by regulating anti-inflammatory factors [PMID:35830757].
Evidence DGout Arthritis
Relieved gout arthritis in rats by inhibiting xanthine oxidase and NLRP3 inflammasome [PMID:40268110].
Evidence DH. pylori Infection
Water extracts showed significant antibacterial activity and inhibited urease activity of H. pylori [PMID:11463533].
Drug interactions
Terminalia chebula has been shown to improve the pharmacologic effects of phenytoin [PMID:37537774].
Evidence summary
The evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies and animal models (Level D), with several comprehensive reviews (Level C) summarizing traditional uses and pharmacological potential. There is a lack of human clinical trial data in the provided abstracts.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 35830757 (2022) — Terminalia chebula Retz. extract ameliorates the symptoms of atopic dermatitis by regulating anti-inflammatory factors in vivo and suppressing STAT1/3 and NF-ĸB signaling in vitro. · Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2.PMID: 28871682 (2016) — [Pharmacological activity of Terminalia chebula]. · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
3.PMID: 24501534 (2013) — Haritaki (Chebulic myrobalan) and its varieties. · Ayu
4.PMID: 36051270 (2022) — A comprehensive review on the diverse pharmacological perspectives of Terminalia chebula Retz. · Heliyon
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6.PMID: 22557135 (2004) — Hypocholesterolemic effect of Terminalia chebula fruit (Myrobalan) in mice. · Ancient science of life
7.PMID: 27400482 (2016) — Potential therapeutic applications for Terminalia chebula in Iranian traditional medicine. · Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan
8.PMID: 30956868 (2019) — Protective effects of chebulic acid from Terminalia chebula Retz. against t-BHP-induced oxidative stress by modulations of Nrf2 and its related enzymes in HepG2 cells. · Food science and biotechnology
9.PMID: 22247850 (2010) — Hypolipidemic activity of haritaki (terminalia chebula) in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. · Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research
10.PMID: 37537774 (2023) — Phenytoin's Pharmacological Interactions with Medicinal Herbs: A Review. · Die Pharmazie
11.PMID: 40268110 (2025) — Terminalia chebula Retz. extract relieves gout arthritis by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, the uric acid transporter, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
12.PMID: 11463533 (2001) — Antibacterial activity of black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz) against Helicobacter pylori. · International journal of antimicrobial agents
13.PMID: 23723658 (2012) — A comparative evaluation of intestinal transit time of two dosage forms of Haritaki [Terminalia chebula Retz]. · Ayu
14.PMID: 23620847 (2013) — The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. · Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine
15.PMID: 3225068 (1988) — The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki, Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. · International journal of cardiology
16.PMID: 32307775 (2020) — Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz.: A review on traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. · Phytotherapy research : PTR
17.PMID: 38159820 (2024) — The Terminalia chebula Retz extract treats hyperuricemic nephropathy by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB axis. · Journal of ethnopharmacology