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PubMed · Commiphora myrrha resin extract-modulated cytochrome P-450 2C9 enzyme expression in cultured Hep G2 cells is associated with resin extract-derived metabolites binding to Pregnane X receptor. (2025)
Reviewed by: HerbAlly Editorial Team, Medical herbalists and healthcare professionals
How does myrrh work to heal wounds and fight infections?
Myrrh contains furanosesquiterpenes, curzerene, and terpenoids that provide antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit inflammatory mediators, supporting tissue repair. The volatile oils stimulate local blood flow and promote regeneration of damaged tissue. Evidence level B supports myrrh's traditional use for wound healing and treating infections, dating back to ancient Egyptian medicinal practices.
Does myrrh interact with blood thinners or diabetes medications?
Yes, myrrh has documented interactions with both anticoagulants and diabetes medications. Myrrh may enhance the effects of blood thinners like warfarin, increasing bleeding risk. It can also lower blood sugar levels, potentially causing additive effects with diabetes medications such as metformin or insulin. Individuals taking these medications should consult a healthcare provider before using myrrh products, as dosage adjustments may be necessary.
What is the recommended dosage of myrrh for adults?
The standard adult dosage of myrrh is 1-3 grams of dried resin or 1-2 milliliters of tincture taken daily. For oral health applications, the tincture may be diluted in water and used as a mouthwash. Topical preparations can be applied directly to minor wounds. Begin with lower doses to assess individual tolerance, and do not exceed recommended amounts without guidance from a qualified healthcare practitioner.
Is myrrh safe to use during pregnancy?
No, myrrh is considered unsafe during pregnancy. The resin contains compounds that may stimulate uterine contractions, potentially leading to miscarriage or premature labor. Pregnant women should avoid myrrh in all forms, including oral supplements, tinctures, and concentrated topical applications. Breastfeeding women should also avoid myrrh due to insufficient safety data. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before using any herbal remedies during pregnancy or lactation.
Can myrrh help with gingivitis and oral health?
Yes, myrrh has been used traditionally for oral health and shows evidence level B support for gingivitis management. Its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties help reduce oral bacteria and soothe inflamed gum tissue. Myrrh tincture diluted in water can be used as a mouthwash to support gum health and address minor oral infections. However, myrrh should complement, not replace, professional dental care and standard oral hygiene practices.
PubMed-compiled information sheet
This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) is a resinous exudate used historically and traditionally for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties [PMID:36399185, PMID:17978635].
Background
Commiphora myrrha is a tree commonly found in the southern part of Arabia, northeastern Africa, Somalia, and Kenya [PMID:36399185]. It produces an oleo-gum resin used in incense, perfumery, and medicine [PMID:16170385, PMID:36838624].
Traditional uses
Traditionally used for treating wounds, mouth ulcers, aches, fractures, stomach disorders, microbial infections, inflammatory diseases, and as an antiseptic, astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, emmenagogue, and expectorant [PMID:36399185]. It has also been used for pain, skin infections, diarrhea, and periodontal diseases [PMID:17978635].
Active compounds
Phytochemical studies identify terpenoids (including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and furanosesquiterpenes), diterpenoids, triterpenoids, and steroids [PMID:36399185, PMID:17978635]. Specific isolated compounds include various furanosesquiterpenoids [PMID:11720534], sesquiterpenoid dimers (commiphomyrones A-G) [PMID:36169037], and lignans [PMID:39339310].
Mechanism of action
Myrrh may exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages [PMID:40350846, PMID:39339310] and suppressing NF-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation to reduce IL-31 and histamine release in mast cells [PMID:31410154]. In endometriosis models, it may enhance ER stress-related apoptotic cell death by altering the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and upregulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) [PMID:41694113].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DHepatotoxicity (Alcohol-induced)
Oral administration in rats reduced serum liver function parameters (ALT, AST, total bilirubin) and hepatic lipid peroxidation [PMID:36548562]
Evidence DRenal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Oral administration of myrrh essential oil in rats showed preventive effects against renal damage [PMID:36826023]
Evidence DEndometriosis
Oral administration in mice significantly reduced the weight of endometriotic foci at low doses (0.7 or 3.5 mg/kg/day) [PMID:41694113]
Evidence DCandida spp. infections
Aqueous extracts of C. myrrha showed inhibitory effects on the proliferation of five pathogenic yeasts in vitro [PMID:39344721]
Methanolic extract inhibited oocyst sporulation in vitro [PMID:38659472] and protected pigeons from inflammatory dysregulation in vivo [PMID:41479898]
Safety & adverse effects
Rare instances of allergic reactions to myrrh have been described [PMID:27975355]. High concentrations of essential oil (0.125 μL/mL) induced micronucleus formation in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro [PMID:34607480].
Drug interactions
Consumption of C. myrrha may result in herb-drug interactions via the induction of cytochrome P-450 2C9 enzymes in the liver, potentially mediated by the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) [PMID:40634953].
Evidence summary
The majority of available evidence is based on in vitro studies, animal models (rats, mice, pigeons), or literature reviews. There is a lack of high-level clinical trial data (RCTs) in the provided set.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 37146985 (2023) — Nutritional Supplements in the Clinical Management of Tendinopathy: A Scoping Review. · Journal of sport rehabilitation
2.PMID: 16170385 (2005) — Myrrh--Commiphora chemistry. · Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia
3.PMID: 36399185 (2023) — Commiphora myrrh: a phytochemical and pharmacological update. · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology
5.PMID: 37073363 (2023) — Analytical review of Tiryāq-i-Wabāī - A Unani panacea for the control of COVID-19. · Journal of herbal medicine
Government sources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
PMID: 40634953 (2025) — Commiphora myrrha resin extract-modulated cytochrome P-450 2C9 enzyme expression in cultured Hep G2 cells is associated with resin extract-derived metabolites binding to Pregnane X receptor. · BMC complementary medicine and therapies
7.PMID: 38659472 (2024) — Evaluation of anthelminthic and antiprotozoal activity of myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) methanolic extract. · Helminthologia
8.PMID: 39344721 (2024) — Antifungal activity of Myrrh gum resin against pathogenic Candida spp. · Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM
9.PMID: 27975355 (2016) — [Christmas from an allergist's perspective]. · Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
10.PMID: 11720534 (2001) — Furanosesquiterpenoids of Commiphora myrrha. · Journal of natural products
11.PMID: 36548562 (2022) — Effect of Natural Commiphora myrrha Extract against Hepatotoxicity Induced by Alcohol Intake in Rat Model. · Toxics
12.PMID: 17978635 (2007) — Myrrh: medical marvel or myth of the Magi? · Holistic nursing practice
13.PMID: 34607480 (2022) — In vitro cytogenotoxic and mutagenic effects of Commiphora myrrha essential oil. · Drug and chemical toxicology
14.PMID: 19995243 (2010) — Effect of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) on leukocyte levels before and during healing from gastric ulcer or skin injury. · Journal of immunotoxicology
15.PMID: 36826023 (2023) — Myrrh Essential Oil Mitigates Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury. · Current issues in molecular biology
16.PMID: 20857519 (2010) — A review of the efficacy of traditional Iranian medicine for inflammatory bowel disease. · World journal of gastroenterology
17.PMID: 22117784 (2011) — Herbs in dentistry. · International dental journal
18.PMID: 40350846 (2025) — [Sesquiterpenoids from resin of Commiphora myrrha]. · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
19.PMID: 39339310 (2024) — An Unprecedented 4,8-Cycloeudesmane, Further New Sesquiterpenoids, a Triterpene, Steroids, and a Lignan from the Resin of Commiphora myrrha and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity In Vitro. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
20.PMID: 41694113 (2026) — Myrrh ameliorates endometriosis by enhancing ER stress-related apoptotic cell death. · Experimental and therapeutic medicine
22.PMID: 33803165 (2021) — Investigation of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. Oil and Its Main Components for Antiviral Activity. · Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
23.PMID: 36169037 (2022) — Cytotoxic sesquiterpenoid dimers from the resin of Commiphora myrrha Engl. · Phytochemistry
24.PMID: 36838624 (2023) — Terpenoids from Myrrh and Their Cytotoxic Activity against HeLa Cells. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
25.PMID: 30124732 (2018) — UV Protection by Natural Products: C. myrrha Oil Versus Sunscreen. · Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD
26.PMID: 31410154 (2019) — Commiphora myrrha inhibits itch-associated histamine and IL-31 production in stimulated mast cells. · Experimental and therapeutic medicine
27.PMID: 41479898 (2025) — Commiphora myrrha extract protects pigeons from Eimeria labbeana-like-triggered inflammatory dysregulation. · Frontiers in immunology
28.PMID: 39707884 (2024) — The Multifaceted Roles of Myrrha in the Treatment of Breast Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Targets and Promises. · Integrative cancer therapies
29.PMID: 41333017 (2025) — Advances in traditional Chinese medicine for burn treatment: mechanisms, therapeutic approaches, and innovative preparations. · Frontiers in pharmacology
30.PMID: 31192998 (2019) — Ecological studies of Commiphora genus (myrrha) in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. · Heliyon