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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 29 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is a Southeast Asian shrub used traditionally for various conditions, including sexual dysfunction and malaria [PMID:39527684, PMID:26978330]. It is frequently marketed as a testosterone booster and ergogenic aid [PMID:39527684, PMID:22738233].
Background
Eurycoma longifolia, also known as Long Jack or Malaysian Ginseng, is a flowering, slow-growing shrubby tree native to Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand [PMID:39527684, PMID:26978330, PMID:39701690].
Traditional uses
Traditionally, the leaves, roots, and bark are used to treat diabetes, arthritis, liver diseases, malaria, dysentery, erectile dysfunction, high blood pressure, diarrhea, fever, anxiety, and as an aphrodisiac [PMID:39527684, PMID:26978330, PMID:20434529].
Active compounds
The plant contains bioactive compounds including quassinoids (notably eurycomanone, eurycomoside, eurycolactone, and eurycomalactone), canthin-6-one alkaloids, tirucallane triterpenes, squalene derivatives, bioactive steroids, and cinnamates [PMID:20434529, PMID:36687023, PMID:36781893, PMID:25914245].
Mechanism of action
Certain quassinoids, beta-carboline, and canthin-6-one alkaloids act as NF-kappaB inhibitors [PMID:24467387]. In prostate cancer cell lines, root extract appears to induce apoptosis via the PTEN/P13k/Akt pathway [PMID:38566865].
Clinical evidence
Evidence AErectile Dysfunction
A meta-analysis of RCTs found no significant difference in the mean change of IIEF-5 scores between Tongkat Ali and placebo at week 12 [PMID:26365449].
Evidence ASerum Total Testosterone
A systematic review of testosterone boosters indicated that most, including Eurycoma longifolia, fail to significantly increase total testosterone [PMID:37697053].
Evidence CAthletic Performance
Research on endurance cycling and running performance reported no significant improvement after supplementation [PMID:22738233].
Evidence BAndrogen Deficiency of Aging Males (ADAM)
A 6-month RCT observed improvements in erectile function with both concurrent training and Eurycoma longifolia supplementation [PMID:33541567].
Safety & adverse effects
Reports of clinically apparent liver injury have appeared in bodybuilders [PMID:39527684], and a case report detailed acute liver injury with jaundice and elevated enzymes following use [PMID:38646387]. Conversely, a rat study on infused coffee showed no clinical signs of toxicity [PMID:33066137].
Evidence summary
Evidence is mixed; while some individual trials and reviews suggest benefits for sexual function and testosterone, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have failed to show significant efficacy for erectile dysfunction or total testosterone increase.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 39527684 (2012) — Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) Improves Serum Total Testosterone in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. · CITED REFERENCE
2.PMID: 33541567 (2021) — A 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the effect of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) and concurrent training on erectile function and testosterone levels in androgen deficiency of aging males (ADAM). · Maturitas
3.PMID: 37697053 (2024) — Do "testosterone boosters" really increase serum total testosterone? A systematic review. · International journal of impotence research
4.PMID: 35845951 (2022) — A Systematic Review on Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Activity of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali). · BioMed research international
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
— Discovery of multi-target anti-gout agents from Eurycoma longifolia Jack through phenotypic screening and structural optimization.
· Nature communications
6.PMID: 26365449 (2015) — Efficacy of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) on erectile function improvement: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. · Complementary therapies in medicine
7.PMID: 20434529 (2010) — Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack): a review on its ethnobotany and pharmacological importance. · Fitoterapia
8.PMID: 26978330 (2016) — Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and Toxicology. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
9.PMID: 34989200 (2021) — Anticancer Activity of Pasak Bumi Root Extract (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) on Raji Cells. · Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS
10.PMID: 39701690 (2024) — [Literature research and discussion on properties of a new oversea-introduced traditional Chinese medicine Malaysian ginseng(Tongkat Ali)]. · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
11.PMID: 26082155 (2015) — Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia): a possible therapeutic candidate against Blastocystis sp. · Parasites & vectors
13.PMID: 22738233 (2012) — Herbs in exercise and sports. · Journal of physiological anthropology
14.PMID: 38566865 (2024) — Unveiling the Anticancer Potential of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma Longifolia Jack) Root Extract in Prostate Cancer Treatment. · Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
15.PMID: 38646387 (2024) — A Rare Case of Tongkat Ali-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Report. · Cureus
16.PMID: 28721818 (2018) — Eurycoma longifolia, A Potential Phytomedicine for the Treatment of Cancer: Evidence of p53-mediated Apoptosis in Cancerous Cells. · Current drug targets
17.PMID: 36781893 (2023) — Integrated comparative metabolite profiling via NMR and GC-MS analyses for tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia) fingerprinting and quality control analysis. · Scientific reports
18.PMID: 23419023 (2013) — An evidence-based systematic review of tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. · Journal of dietary supplements
19.PMID: 34987621 (2021) — Safety of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) root extract as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. · EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority
20.PMID: 36687023 (2023) — A Multifaceted Review of Eurycoma longifolia Nutraceutical Bioactives: Production, Extraction, and Analysis in Drugs and Biofluids. · ACS omega
21.PMID: 24467387 (2014) — NF-κB inhibitors from Eurycoma longifolia. · Journal of natural products
22.PMID: 39369924 (2025) — Metabolome classification of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia jack) and its commercial products via UHPLC-QTOF-MS-MS and its protective effect against 5-flurouracil-Induced testicular toxicity in male rats. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
23.PMID: 19919052 (2009) — Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia. · Journal of natural products
24.PMID: 37968729 (2023) — Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) enhances wakefulness during active periods but facilitates sleep during resting periods in C57BL/6 mice. · The European journal of neuroscience
25.PMID: 25914245 (2015) — Simultaneous quantitation of six major quassinoids in Tongkat Ali dietary supplements by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. · Journal of separation science
26.PMID: 39055967 (2024) — Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) supplementation enhances sleep and wake consolidation in wild-type, but not in narcoleptic mice. · Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society
27.PMID: 10803359 (2000) — Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) on the initiation of sexual performance of inexperienced castrated male rats. · Experimental animals