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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Aquilaria crassna, commonly known as agarwood, is a plant used in traditional Asian medicine and perfumes, demonstrating neuroprotective, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties in laboratory and animal studies [PMID:28505589, 39203863, 27534110, 23962360].
Background
Aquilaria crassna is a tropical tree that produces agarwood, a resinous heartwood used for medicines, incenses, and perfumes [PMID:28505589, 20056366].
Traditional uses
In traditional Asian medicine, it has been used to treat vomiting, rheumatism, asthma, cough [PMID:27450078], and infectious diseases such as diarrhea and skin diseases [PMID:23962360]. In Thailand, the leaves are used for various disorders [PMID:23326086] and are consumed as tea to promote physiological balance and cardiovascular function [PMID:31453117].
Active compounds
Active compounds include sesquiterpenes (e.g., $\alpha$-guaiene, $\alpha$-humulene, $\delta$-guaiene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, agarospirol) [PMID:21472475, 26132906, 38419767], chromones (including 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone dimers and derivatives) [PMID:35217119, 28984476, 28300702], polyphenols (mangiferin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, iriflophenone 3-C-$\beta$-glucoside) [PMID:31453117, 25153858, 33113908], and cucurbitacin triterpenoids (e.g., cucurbitacin E, neocucurbitacin A) [PMID:38024711].
Mechanism of action
Leaf extracts may exert neuroprotective effects by normalizing cell cycle progression via the AhR/CYP1A1/cyclin D1 pathway [PMID:37764767] and increasing protein levels of GAP43 and neuroglobin [PMID:39203863]. Some compounds act as STAT3 inhibitors [PMID:38024711] or inhibit $\alpha$-glucosidase through uncompetitive inhibition [PMID:27534110].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DNeurotoxicity (B[a]P-induced)
Ethanolic leaf extract (ACEE) exerted neuroprotective effects against Benzo[a]pyrene-induced toxicity in human SH-SY5Y cells [PMID:39203863].
Evidence DType-2 Diabetes
Water extract of leaves showed hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities in STZ-NA-induced diabetic mice [PMID:27534110].
Evidence DPain and Fever
Aqueous leaf extract (400-800 mg/kg) significantly reduced rectal temperature in rats and decreased heat sensitivity in mice [PMID:23326086].
Evidence DVascular Function
Aqueous leaf extract and mangiferin acted as vasodilators in rat mesenteric arteries and aortae [PMID:31453117].
Evidence DBacterial Infection
Leaf extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis by disrupting the cell wall [PMID:23962360].
Safety & adverse effects
In acute toxicity studies in Swiss female mice, a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg/day of essential oil extract was evaluated [PMID:27450078]. Aqueous leaf extract (0.1-1000 $\mu$g/ml) showed no cytotoxicity on rat vascular smooth muscle cells [PMID:31453117].
Evidence summary
The current evidence is based primarily on in vitro cell lines, animal models (rodents, C. elegans), and phytochemical isolation. There are no human clinical trials provided.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 39203863 (2024) — Aquilaria crassna Extract Exerts Neuroprotective Effect against Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Toxicity in Human SH-SY5Y Cells: An RNA-Seq-Based Transcriptome Analysis. · Nutrients
2.PMID: 35217119 (2022) — LC-MS-guided isolation of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone dimers from red soil agarwood of Aquilaria crassna. · Fitoterapia
3.PMID: 28984476 (2018) — Two new 2-(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)chromens from agarwood originating from Aquilaria crassna. · Journal of Asian natural products research
4.PMID: 27502285 (2016) — Three new sesquiterpenoids from agarwood of Aquilaria crassna. · Fitoterapia
5.PMID: 28505589 (2017) — Multi-platform metabolomics and a genetic approach support the authentication of agarwood produced by Aquilaria crassna and Aquilaria malaccensis.
Government sources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
· Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
6.PMID: 28300702 (2017) — Four new bi-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives of agarwood from Aquilaria crassna. · Fitoterapia
7.PMID: 31617416 (2021) — Three new 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones and one new dimeric 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone from agarwood of Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte in Laos. · Natural product research
8.PMID: 30572084 (2019) — Dimeric 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones from the agarwood of Aquilaria crassna in Laos. · Fitoterapia
9.PMID: 29202319 (2018) — Dimeric sesquiterpenoid-4H-chromone derivatives from agarwood of Aquilaria crassna and their cytotoxicity. · Phytochemistry
10.PMID: 34473335 (2022) — Analytical Methods and Bioassays for Cytotoxicity and Antidiabetic Properties of Aquilaria crassna Leaf Extracts in HepG2 Cells. · Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)
11.PMID: 31453117 (2019) — Extract of Aquilaria crassna leaves and mangiferin are vasodilators while showing no cytotoxicity. · Journal of traditional and complementary medicine
12.PMID: 27450078 (2016) — In vivo toxicity and antitumor activity of essential oils extract from agarwood (Aquilaria crassna). · BMC complementary and alternative medicine
13.PMID: 21472475 (2011) — Genomic organization of δ-guaiene synthase genes in Aquilaria crassna and its possible use for the identification of Aquilaria species. · Journal of natural medicines
14.PMID: 20056366 (2010) — Polymorphic microsatellites for forensic identification of agarwood (Aquilaria crassna). · Forensic science international
15.PMID: 38024711 (2023) — Phytochemistry and Cytotoxic Activity of Aquilaria crassna Pericarp on MDA-MB-468 Cell Lines. · ACS omega
16.PMID: 27420040 (2016) — Characterization and Analysis of 2-(2-Phenylethyl)-chromone Derivatives from Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) by Artificial Holing for Different Times. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
17.PMID: 23326086 (2012) — Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-oxidative activities of Aquilaria crassna leaves extract in rodents. · Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine
18.PMID: 36079924 (2022) — Aquilaria crassna Leaf Extract Ameliorates Glucose-Induced Neurotoxicity In Vitro and Improves Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. · Nutrients
19.PMID: 25397675 (2014) — Characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus communities of Aquilaria crassna and Tectona grandis roots and soils in Thailand plantations. · PloS one
20.PMID: 34883681 (2021) — Study of Aquilaria crassna Wood as an Antifungal Additive to Improve the Properties of Natural Rubber as Air-Dried Sheets. · Polymers
21.PMID: 29863086 (2018) — Molecular Identification of Three Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) Species through DNA Barcoding. · Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
22.PMID: 31470064 (2019) — LC-MS guided identification of dimeric 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones and sesquiterpene-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone conjugates from agarwood of Aquilaria crassna and their cytotoxicity. · Fitoterapia
23.PMID: 30876681 (2019) — Corrigendum to 'Dimeric 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones from the agarwood of Aquilaria crassna in Laos'[Fitoterapia 133 (2019) 12-16]. · Fitoterapia
24.PMID: 27534110 (2016) — Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of the Water Extract of Aquilaria crassna Leaves in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Mice. · Natural product communications
25.PMID: 37764767 (2023) — Protective Effect of Aquilaria crassna Leaf Extract against Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Toxicity in Neuronal Cells and Caenorhabditis elegans: Possible Active Constituent Includes Clionasterol. · Nutrients
26.PMID: 25153858 (2014) — Assessment of extraction parameters on antioxidant capacity, polyphenol content, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside of agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) young leaves. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
27.PMID: 23962360 (2013) — Antibacterial activity of Aquilaria crassna leaf extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis by disruption of cell wall. · Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials
28.PMID: 33113908 (2020) — Thermal Degradation Kinetics and pH-Rate Profiles of Iriflophenone 3,5-C-β-d-diglucoside, Iriflophenone 3-C-β-d-Glucoside and Mangiferin in Aquilaria crassna Leaf Extract. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
29.PMID: 26132906 (2015) — The Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene from the Essential Oil of Aquilaria crassna. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
30.PMID: 38419767 (2024) — Datasets of chemical compounds in three different species of aquilaria using GC-MS coupled with GC-FID analysis. · Data in brief