Bifora radians vs Lemon Peel

European Mediterranean Apiaceae weed used in folk medicine for digestive conditions and as carminative.

Aromatic outer rind of lemon used in folk medicine for digestive conditions, antimicrobial properties, and as a source of d-limonene.

linalool, thymol, carvacrol, flavonoids

d-limonene, eriocitrin, hesperidin, pectin, vitamin C

Digestive conditions in Mediterranean folk medicine, Carminative use

Digestive conditions in Mediterranean folk medicine, Antimicrobial and antiseptic, Vitamin C source across folk traditions, Liver support in Italian folk medicine

Carminative effects, Antimicrobial

Carminative, Antimicrobial via d-limonene, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective

2-3 g dried herb as tea

Culinary doses as food; 1-3g dried peel tea; 1000mg d-limonene extract daily

Pregnancy

Drug interactions (similar to grapefruit in some circumstances), Acid reflux with large amounts

Mild GI upset

GI upset with excessive consumption, Photosensitization with lemon oil topically in sun