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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Terminalia arjuna is a medicinal tree native to the Indian subcontinent, primarily utilized for its cardioprotective and cardiovascular benefits [PMID:36933876, PMID:40230946].
Background
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arnot is a deciduous tree of the Combretaceae family found throughout India, growing to heights of 60-90 feet [PMID:10608917, PMID:36933876].
Traditional uses
It has been used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for over three centuries primarily as a cardiac tonic for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, including anginal pain ('hritshool'), hypertension, and congestive heart failure [PMID:10608917, PMID:17875376, PMID:25379463]. It is also believed to treat hepatic, urogenital, venereal, and viral diseases [PMID:3657247].
Active compounds
Active constituents include tannins, triterpenoid saponins (arjunic acid, arjunolic acid, arjungenin, arjunglycosides), flavonoids (arjunone, arjunolone, luteolin), gallic acid, ellagic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), phytosterols, and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper [PMID:10608917]. It also contains flavon-3-ols such as (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin [PMID:23626389].
Mechanism of action
The bark exerts inotropic and hypotensive effects, increases coronary artery flow, and protects the myocardium against ischemic damage [PMID:17875376]. It demonstrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic activities [PMID:17875376, PMID:25379463]. Arjunic acid and extracts mitigate cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia stress-mediated apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by decreasing free radicals (ROS, hydroperoxide, nitrite) and maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential [PMID:31069430].
Clinical evidence
Evidence AChronic Stable Angina
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate efficacy, though studies were noted to be of poor quality [PMID:24600529]
Evidence BCardiovascular Risk Factors
A randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the effect of Arjun Chāl powder (5 gm BD) for eight weeks [PMID:33977687]
Evidence CCoronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure
Clinical evaluation indicates benefit in the treatment of coronary artery disease and heart failure [PMID:10608917]
Evidence DHypercholesterolemia
In diet-induced hyperlipidaemic rabbits, ethanolic extract significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol [PMID:9080336]
Safety & adverse effects
The plant is reported to have a good safety outline when used in combination with other conventional drugs [PMID:28053890]. In animal studies, ethanolic extract did not adversely affect biochemical tests of liver and renal function [PMID:9080336]. However, some studies are noted to be poor in terms of generating safety data [PMID:22583146].
Dosage & administration
In one randomized controlled trial, Arjun Chāl powder was administered at 5 gm BD for eight weeks [PMID:33977687]. No PubMed data available. Consult a healthcare provider.
Evidence summary
Evidence ranges from traditional use and animal models (strong for hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects) to clinical trials and systematic reviews for cardiovascular conditions, though some clinical data are limited by poor study design and lack of phytochemical standardization.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 36933876 (2023) — Therapeutic potential and industrial applications of Terminalia arjuna bark. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
2.PMID: 10608917 (1999) — Terminalia arjuna. · Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic
3.PMID: 24600529 (2014) — Terminalia arjuna in Chronic Stable Angina: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. · Cardiology research and practice
4.PMID: 25379463 (2014) — Revisiting Terminalia arjuna - An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug. · Journal of traditional and complementary medicine
5.PMID: 40230946 (2024) — Terminalia arjuna: An overview of its magical properties. · Bioinformation
Government sources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
6.PMID: 3657247 (1987) — On the ethnomedical significance of the Arjun tree, Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
7.PMID: 33977687 (2021) — Effect of Arjun Chāl on cardiovascular risk factors - a randomized controlled clinical trial. · Journal of complementary & integrative medicine
8.PMID: 17875376 (2007) — Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn.--a useful drug for cardiovascular disorders. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
9.PMID: 23626389 (2012) — Characterisation of Polyphenols in Terminalia arjuna Bark Extract. · Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences
10.PMID: 28053890 (2017) — Medicinal properties of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.: A review. · Journal of traditional and complementary medicine
11.PMID: 31069430 (2019) — Terminalia arjuna extract and arjunic acid mitigate cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia stress-mediated apoptosis in H9c2 cells. · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology
12.PMID: 9080336 (1997) — Hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree bark. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
13.PMID: 22583146 (2012) — Therapeutic potential of Terminalia arjuna in cardiovascular disorders. · American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions