This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your healthcare provider before using herbs, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medications, or have a medical condition.
PubMed · Sesquiterpene lactones of <i>Aucklandia lappa</i>: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and structure-activity relationship. (2021)
PubMed · <i>Aucklandia lappa</i> Decne.: a review of its botany, cultivation, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and practical applications. (2025)
Reviewed by: HerbAlly Editorial Team, Medical herbalists and healthcare professionals
This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Aucklandia lappa (also known as Saussurea costus or Mu Xiang) is a medicinal plant native to the Himalayan region used in traditional Asian medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and gastrointestinal effects [PMID:32730877, 41158126].
Background
Aucklandia lappa Decne. (Asteraceae) is a perennial species whose dried root or rhizome is used as a medicinal material [PMID:36117502, 41490555, 42231172]. It is synonymous with Saussurea costus and Saussurea lappa [PMID:32730877].
Traditional uses
In Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is used for leukoderma, liver, kidney, and blood disorders, Qi stagnation, and tridosha [PMID:32730877]. It is traditionally used to treat asthma, rheumatism, coughs, tuberculosis [PMID:26398906, 26246732], abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and stress gastric ulcers [PMID:32183436]. Root powder is used orally with warm water for gastric problems, and root paste is applied topically for boils, blisters, leprosy, and pain relief [PMID:32730877].
Active compounds
The core active metabolites are sesquiterpene lactones, specifically costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, and alantolactone [PMID:41158126, 35464223, 26246732]. It also contains volatile oils, triterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and low-molecular-weight polysaccharides composed of fructose and glucose [PMID:41490555, 42231172, 40476770].
Mechanism of action
Sesquiterpene lactones may exert biological activities via the interaction of their α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone moiety with thiol groups of biomacromolecules through Michael-addition [PMID:36117502]. Anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by suppressing the nuclear translocation of p65, degradation of IκB, and inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation [PMID:32183436]. Dehydrocostus lactone attenuates ulcerative colitis by increasing USP38 expression and decreasing histone H2B ubiquitination to suppress NF-κB-driven inflammation [PMID:40819390]. Costunolide targets HSP90 to inhibit necroptosis [PMID:41687519]. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans involves reducing chitin and (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthesis and inducing membrane permeabilization [PMID:33148941, 32347080].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DUlcerative Colitis
Dehydrocostus lactone and sesquiterpene lactone-rich fractions reduced weight loss, macroscopic scores, and colonic pathological degeneration in DSS-induced mice models [PMID:40819390, 35623504].
Evidence DOsteoarthritis/Pain
Root extracts substantially reduced writhing in acetic acid-induced mice and reduced weight-bearing of hind limbs in MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats [PMID:33375366].
Evidence DEndometriosis
Dehydrocostus lactone induced apoptotic cell death in human endometriotic cells and decreased production of PGE2 and neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF, NT3, NT4/5) [PMID:31488032].
Evidence DCandida albicans infection
Ethanol extracts caused cell wall injury and membrane permeabilization in C. albicans with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78 mg/ml [PMID:33148941, 32347080].
Evidence DNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Extracts combined with gefitinib enhanced efficacy in gefitinib-resistance secondary EGFR mutations in a C. elegans model [PMID:28619365].
Evidence summary
The current evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies, animal models (mice, rats, C. elegans), and historical ethnopharmacological reviews. There are no human clinical trials provided in the abstracts; therefore, the overall strength of clinical evidence is low (Level D).
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 32730877 (2020) — Aucklandia costus (Syn. Saussurea costus): Ethnopharmacology of an endangered medicinal plant of the himalayan region. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
2.PMID: 36117502 (2021) — Sesquiterpene lactones of Aucklandia lappa: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and structure-activity relationship. · Chinese herbal medicines
3.PMID: 33148941 (2020) — Aucklandia lappa Causes Membrane Permeation of Candida albicans. · Journal of microbiology and biotechnology
4.PMID: 34104740 (2021) — The complete mitochondrial genome of Aucklandia lappa Decne. (Asteraceae, Aucklandia Falc.). · Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
— Aucklandia lappa Decne.: a review of its botany, cultivation, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and practical applications.
· Frontiers in pharmacology
6.PMID: 27427818 (2016) — Essential Oils, Part IV: Contact Allergy. · Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug
7.PMID: 32347080 (2020) — Aucklandia lappa Causes Cell Wall Damage in Candida albicans by Reducing Chitin and (1,3)-β-D-Glucan. · Journal of microbiology and biotechnology
8.PMID: 33375366 (2020) — Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aucklandia lappa Root Extracts on Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing in Mice and Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats. · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
9.PMID: 35464223 (2022) — Antimicrobial Effects and Active Compounds of the Root of Aucklandia Lappa Decne (Radix Aucklandiae). · Frontiers in chemistry
10.PMID: 40819390 (2025) — Dehydrocostus lactone attenuates ulcerative colitis via USP38-mediated histone H2B Deubiquitination to suppress NF-κB-driven inflammation. · International immunopharmacology
12.PMID: 32183436 (2020) — Inhibitory Effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne. Extract on Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses in LPS-Treated Macrophages. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
13.PMID: 36496006 (2023) — Targeted isolation of sesquiterpene lactone dimers from Aucklandia lappa guided by LC-HRMS/MS-based molecular networking. · Phytochemistry
14.PMID: 35623504 (2022) — Sesquiterpene lactones-rich fraction from Aucklandia lappa Decne. alleviates dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis through co-regulating MAPK and Nrf2/Hmox-1 signaling pathway. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
15.PMID: 39241384 (2024) — Aucklandiae radix targeted PKM2 to alleviate ulcerative colitis: Insights from the photocrosslinking target fishing technique. · Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
16.PMID: 31488032 (2019) — Effect of Dehydrocostus Lactone Isolated from the Roots of Aucklandia lappa on the Apoptosis of Endometriotic Cells and the Alternative Activation of Endometriosis-Associated Macrophages. · The American journal of Chinese medicine
17.PMID: 32459392 (2020) — Quality assessment of raw and baked Aucklandia lappa Decne. by color measurement and fingerprint analysis. · Journal of separation science
18.PMID: 25208833 (2014) — [Textual research on Costus root (Aucklandia lappa Decne) in the Sheng nong ben cao jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica)]. · Zhonghua yi shi za zhi (Beijing, China : 1980)
19.PMID: 26398906 (2015) — Anti-allergic effects of sesquiterpene lactones from the root of Aucklandia lappa Decne. · Molecular medicine reports
20.PMID: 42231172 (2026) — Characterization and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Aucklandia lappa Decne. · BMC plant biology
21.PMID: 41490555 (2026) — Aucklandia lappa, Vladimiria souliei, and Inula helenium: A comprehensive review on the ethnomedicines, phytochemicals, quality control and pharmacology of three confusable Muxiang varieties (2015-2025). · Journal of ethnopharmacology
22.PMID: 41687519 (2026) — Covalently targeting HSP90 with a natural small-molecule costunolide to inhibit necroptosis and ulcerative colitis. · International immunopharmacology
23.PMID: 26246732 (2015) — Simultaneous determination of three sesquiterpene lactones in Aucklandia lappa Decne by high-performance liquid chromatography. · Pharmacognosy magazine
24.PMID: 23126182 (2012) — [Quality classification standard of Aucklandia lappa seed]. · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
25.PMID: 40476770 (2025) — Structural characterization of two low-molecular-weight polysaccharides from the roots of Aucklandia lappa Decne. and their bioactivity on the gut microbiota of immunocompromised mice. · Journal of food science
26.PMID: 38355028 (2024) — Unveiling the chemical profiling and remarkable modulation of carbohydrate metabolism by costus root, Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
27.PMID: 30428214 (2017) — Rapid and Efficient Extraction and HPLC Analysis of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Aucklandia lappa Root. · Natural product communications