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Crataegus monogyna
Hawthorn is a thorny shrub or tree whose berries, leaves, and flowers have been used in European herbal medicine for centuries for cardiovascular health. It is one of the most well-studied herbs for heart failure and is approved by the German Commission E for declining cardiac performance. It is rich in flavonoids and procyanidins.
| Drug | Severity | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Digoxin | moderate | Hawthorn may enhance the effects of digoxin on the heart, potentially increasing both benefits and toxicity risk. |
| Beta-blockers (Metoprolol) | moderate | Hawthorn may enhance the blood pressure-lowering effects of beta-blockers, potentially causing hypotension. |
| Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (Sildenafil) | moderate | Hawthorn combined with PDE5 inhibitors may cause additive blood pressure lowering and increased hypotension risk. |