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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 29 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Toxicodendron vernicifluum is an economically and medicinally important tree species native to East Asia, utilized for producing durable lacquer and as a traditional herbal medicine [PMID:33075438, PMID:32071921].
Background
The lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), also known as sumac or 'Qishu', is a shrub or arbor species within the Anacardiaceae family widely distributed in East Asia [PMID:32491789, PMID:35687836, PMID:36336220]. It is primarily cultivated for the production of raw lacquer, lacquer wax, and lacquer oil [PMID:41515066, PMID:36721120].
Traditional uses
It has been used for thousands of years in China, Japan, and South Korea as a durable coating material and a traditional herbal medicine [PMID:33075438]. Traditionally, the leaves, flowers, roots, and fruits are used in medicine, and the bark is used as a food supplement and to treat inflammatory diseases and cancers [PMID:36336220, PMID:38417325, PMID:25582488]. In Nujiang, China, lacquer oil from the drupes is used as an edible oil and for the treatment of 'Yuezi' disease in parturient women [PMID:35770099].
Active compounds
The plant is rich in flavonoids (including fustin, fisetin, and verniciflavanol A) and phenylpropanoids [PMID:33152052, PMID:35733792, PMID:36341855, PMID:39344354]. It contains urushiols, which are the primary components of its lacquer [PMID:38417325, PMID:30363051]. Other identified compounds include vernicidin B and various flavonoid glycosides [PMID:35306369, PMID:35687836].
Mechanism of action
Vernicidin B protects cells against oxidative stress by inhibiting the IL-6/Nrf2 cross-talk pathways [PMID:35306369]. Raw lacquer extract may inhibit colorectal cancer cell activity by affecting the expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, death receptor-5, cleaved caspase-8, and the p-mTOR/mTOR and p-S6K/S6K pathways [PMID:36511604].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DMammary Carcinoma (Murine)
Oral administration of urushiol-free extract (TVSE) reduced tumor volume and weight dose-dependently and increased apoptotic cells [PMID:33152052]
Evidence DColorectal Cancer (In vitro)
Raw lacquer extract, especially in combination with ONC201, enhances inhibitory effects on HCT116 cell activity, survival, and proliferation [PMID:36511604]
Evidence DCoronavirus Replication (In vitro)
Ethanol extract (TVE) shows antiviral effects by inhibiting coronavirus replication and viral infectivity [PMID:42270443]
Evidence DOxidative Stress (In vitro)
Verniciflavanol A and Vernicidin B protect human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress [PMID:36341855, PMID:35306369]
Evidence DMyocardial Fibrosis (In vitro)
Compounds extracted from T. vernicifluum resins were screened for anti-fibrotic activity using a 3D myocardial tissue model [PMID:40654352]
Safety & adverse effects
Urushiols present in the bark and lacquer induce allergies, which limits the application of the plant [PMID:38417325]. However, acute and subchronic toxicity studies in rats using lacquer seed oil (LSO) at doses up to 10,000 mg/kg (acute) and 5,000 mg/kg/day (subchronic) were conducted to evaluate safety [PMID:36336220].
Pregnancy & lactation
In Nujiang, China, lacquer oil is traditionally believed to benefit parturient women and treat 'Yuezi' disease [PMID:35770099].
Evidence summary
The current evidence is primarily based on in vitro cell studies and animal models (Level D), with some pharmacological reviews (Level C). There is a lack of human clinical trials (Level B) or systematic reviews/meta-analyses (Level A) in the provided data.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 32491789 (2026) — Artificial urushi. · Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)
2.PMID: 30738956 (2019) — N-glycans in Toxicodendron vernicifluum lacquer laccase. · Carbohydrate research
3.PMID: 35951616 (2022) — Methods to promote seed germination in the lacquer tree, Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley. · PloS one
4.PMID: 33467697 (2021) — HPLC and ToF‒SIMS Analyses of Toxicodendron vernicifluum Tree Sap Mixed with Other Natural Lacquers. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
5.PMID: 32071921 (2020) — Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Chinese Lacquer Tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Anacardiaceae) and Its Phylogenetic Significance.
Government sources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
6.PMID: 33075438 (2021) — Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley - A review. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
7.PMID: 36721120 (2023) — Chloroplast genome sequence of triploid Toxicodendron vernicifluum and comparative analyses with other lacquer chloroplast genomes. · BMC genomics
8.PMID: 35687836 (2023) — A new flavonoid glycoside from Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley. · Natural product research
9.PMID: 36336220 (2023) — Safety assessment of oil extracted from lacquer (Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley) seed: acute and subchronic toxicity studies in rats. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
10.PMID: 35720535 (2022) — Stepped Geomorphology Shaped the Phylogeographic Structure of a Widespread Tree Species (Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Anacardiaceae) in East Asia. · Frontiers in plant science
11.PMID: 39589867 (2024) — A multiomics investigation into the evolution and specialized metabolisms of three Toxicodendron cultivars. · The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology
12.PMID: 39823759 (2025) — ACC treatment induced alterations in flavonoid accumulation in Toxicodendron vernicifluum. · Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB
13.PMID: 40654352 (2025) — Phenotypic screening uncovered anti-myocardial fibrosis candidates using a novel 3D myocardial tissue under hypoxia. · Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
14.PMID: 35770099 (2022) — Comparative Lipidomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Mystery of Lacquer Oil from Toxicodendron vernicifluum for the Treatment of "Yuezi" Disease in Nujiang, China: From Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Postpartum Depression Perspective. · Frontiers in pharmacology
15.PMID: 35733792 (2022) — The chromosome-level genome for Toxicodendron vernicifluum provides crucial insights into Anacardiaceae evolution and urushiol biosynthesis. · iScience
16.PMID: 41515066 (2026) — Integrative Transcriptomics Reveals Regulatory Networks Underlying Fatty Acid and Lacquer Wax Formation in Fruit of Toxicodendron vernicifluum. · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
17.PMID: 36511604 (2023) — Raw Lacquer Extract from Toxicodendron vernicifluum in Combination with ONC201 Enhances the Inhibitory Effects on Colorectal Cancer Cell Activity. · The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology
18.PMID: 33953688 (2021) — Integrating Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Cotinus coggygria and Toxicodendron vernicifluum: What Predictions can be Made for the European Smoketree? · Frontiers in pharmacology
19.PMID: 36341855 (2023) — Verniciflavanol A, a profisetinidin-type-4-arylflavan-3-ol from toxicodendron vernicifluum protects SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-Induced oxidative stress. · Phytochemistry
20.PMID: 38417325 (2024) — Vortex-blending matrix solid-phase dispersion and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS were proposed to extract and examine the urushiols from Toxicodendron vernicifluum bark. · Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
21.PMID: 39344354 (2024) — Transcriptome and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Tissue-Specific Glycosylation of Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids in Toxicodendron vernicifluum. · Physiologia plantarum
22.PMID: 37940270 (2024) — Polysaccharide metabolism in Anacardiaceae (Asian lacquer) cross-linked polymers elucidated using in situ trimethylsilylation pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. · Carbohydrate polymers
23.PMID: 33152052 (2020) — Toxicodendron vernicifluum Stokes extract inhibits solid tumor growth and lung metastasis of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells in BALB/c mice. · PloS one
24.PMID: 30363051 (2018) — [De novo Assembly and Analysis of Sumac (Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley) Transcriptomes Provides Insights into the Biosynthesis of Urushiol]. · Molekuliarnaia biologiia
25.PMID: 40661919 (2025) — Phenotypic Traits, SSR Core Primer Screening, and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Toxicodendron vernicifluum From Different Seed Sources in Yunnan, China. · Ecology and evolution
26.PMID: 35306369 (2022) — Novel Flavan-3,4-diol vernicidin B from Toxicodendron Vernicifluum (Anacardiaceae) as potent antioxidant via IL-6/Nrf2 cross-talks pathways. · Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
27.PMID: 25582488 (2015) — Identification of cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory constituents from the bark of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
28.PMID: 42270443 (2026) — Identification of Anti-Viral Compounds from Toxicodendron vernicifluum Extract That Inhibit the Coronavirus Replication. · Journal of microbiology and biotechnology
29.PMID: 40715651 (2025) — Insights into chloroplast genome structure and phylogenetic position of the Lacquer tree Toxicodendron trichocarpum (Anacardiaceae: Rhoideae). · Journal of plant research