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This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your healthcare provider before using herbs, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medications, or have a medical condition.
This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 27 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Euphorbia thymifolia is a tropical herb used in traditional medicine for various ailments, showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities in experimental models [PMID:12432232, 27618898, 24501446].
Background
Euphorbia thymifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), also known as laghududhika or choti-dudhi, is a small, branched, hispidly pubescent, prostate annual herb [PMID:24501446].
Traditional uses
In Ayurveda and folk medicine, it is used to treat bronchial asthma, cough, diarrhea, bleeding piles [PMID:30671367], worm infections, and as a stimulant or astringent [PMID:24501446]. It is used in India and Indonesia as a galactogue to improve the quality of colostrum [PMID:30000943], and in Bangladesh for the treatment of diabetes and pain [PMID:22313890]. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine for rheumatoid arthritis [PMID:38643905].
Active compounds
Identified compounds include jatrophane-type diterpenoids (euphothymifols A and B, euphthymifolols A-E, euphthymifolone A, euphoscopin F, L, and E) [PMID:40608911, 40085800, 41507717], abietane-type diterpenoids [PMID:41507717], alkaloids (aurantiamide, anabellamide) [PMID:33350239, 41507717], isocoumarins, thymol derivatives, ellagic acids [PMID:33350239], cinnamic acid derivatives (thymofolinoates A and B) [PMID:23157007], and the pseudoguaianolide 6-O-angeloylplenolin [PMID:38643905].
Mechanism of action
The herb may suppress inflammatory responses via upregulation of Phase II enzymes and modulation of NF-κB and JNK activation in microglia [PMID:27618898]. 6-O-angeloylplenolin inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing c-Src/NF-κB/NFATc1 pathways [PMID:38643905]. It may also modulate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway to exert antioxidant effects [PMID:41511542].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DHepatotoxicity
Ethanolic extracts exhibited potential in vitro antioxidant activity and protective effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats [PMID:36268597]
Evidence DAsthma/Anaphylaxis
Methanol and aqueous extracts showed antiasthmatic and antianaphylactic activity in experimental animals [PMID:30671367]; water-soluble fractions may cause relaxation of smooth muscles to relieve bronchial spasms [PMID:22557397]
Evidence DHerpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2)
Ethyl acetate extract and 3-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-HHDP-D-glucose inhibit HSV-2 multiplication by reducing virus infectivity in vitro [PMID:15854140, 12432232]
Evidence DDiabetes
Methanolic extract showed antihyperglycemic activity in glucose-loaded mice [PMID:22313890]
Evidence DRheumatoid Arthritis
6-O-angeloylplenolin attenuated bone erosion and severity of arthritis in collagen-induced arthritis mouse models [PMID:38643905]
Safety & adverse effects
No specific adverse effects are detailed in the provided abstracts, though a review mentions that compiled data reflects the safety of the plant [PMID:24501446].
Pregnancy & lactation
Used traditionally as a galactogue in India and Indonesia, but no scientifically valid clinical trials support this use, and no data exist on the excretion of its components into breastmilk [PMID:30000943].
Evidence summary
The current evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies and animal models (Level D), with no human clinical trials provided in the abstracts.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 30000943 (2006) — Sesquiterpenes and diterpenes from Euphorbia thymifolia. · Fitoterapia
2.PMID: 36268597 (2022) — Protective effect of Euphorbia thymifolia and Euphorbia hirta against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. · Drug development and industrial pharmacy
3.PMID: 30671367 (2019) — Anti-anaphylactic and antiasthmatic activity of Euphorbia thymifolia L. on experimental animals. · Journal of traditional and complementary medicine
4.PMID: 24501446 (2013) — A review on phyto-pharmacological potentials of Euphorbia thymifolia L. · Ancient science of life
5.PMID: 33350239 (2020) — [Study on chemical constituents from Euphorbia thymifolia].
Government sources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
· Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
6.PMID: 40574789 (2024) — Molecular docking and dynamics studies to identify novel active compounds targeting potential breast cancer receptor proteins from an indigenous herb Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. · F1000Research
7.PMID: 27588252 (2016) — An in silico study on antidiabetic activity of bioactive compounds in Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. · SpringerPlus
8.PMID: 40608911 (2025) — Euphothymifols a and B, novel bioactive bicyclic jatrophane-type diterpenoids from euphorbia thymifolia L. · Natural product research
9.PMID: 12432232 (2002) — Antioxidant and antiviral activities of Euphorbia thymifolia L. · Journal of biomedical science
10.PMID: 36849684 (2023) — Effective removal of Ni(II) ions from its aqueous solution by utilizing Euphorbia thymifolia as an adsorbent. · Environmental science and pollution research international
11.PMID: 40085800 (2026) — Euphthymifolols A-E, anti-inflammatory jatrophane-type macrocyclic diterpenoids from Euphorbia thymifolia L. · Natural product research
12.PMID: 15854140 (2005) — Euphorbia thymifolia suppresses herpes simplex virus-2 infection by directly inactivating virus infectivity. · Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
13.PMID: 41511542 (2026) — GC-MS phytochemical screening, molecular docking, MD simulation, and in vitro antioxidant assay of Euphorbia thymifolia L. extract. · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology
14.PMID: 27618898 (2016) — Cleome rutidosperma and Euphorbia thymifolia Suppress Inflammatory Response via Upregulation of Phase II Enzymes and Modulation of NF-κB and JNK Activation in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglia. · International journal of molecular sciences
15.PMID: 41507717 (2025) — [A new jatrophane diterpenoid with anti-inflammatory activity from Euphorbia thymifolia]. · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
16.PMID: 26890384 (2016) — Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles mediated by Euphorbia thymifolia L. leaf extract: Catalytic activity for cyanation of aryl iodides under ligand-free conditions. · Journal of colloid and interface science
17.PMID: 3169896 (1988) — Antibacterial activity of Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. · The Indian journal of medical research
18.PMID: 38643905 (2024) — 6-O-angeloylplenolin inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro via suppressing c-Src/NF-κB/NFATc1 pathways and ameliorates bone resorption in collagen-induced arthritis mouse model. · Biochemical pharmacology
19.PMID: 22313890 (2012) — Antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive activities of methanolic extract of Euphorbia thymifolia L. whole plants. · Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine
20.PMID: 29065826 (2017) — Green Synthesis of Palladium/Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and their Application for the Reduction of Methyl Orange, Congo Red and Rhodamine B in Aqueous Medium. · Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening
21.PMID: 18176816 (2008) — Isolation and identification of mosquito larvicidal compound from Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet. · Parasitology research
22.PMID: 23157007 (2012) — Thymofolinoates A and B, new cinnamic acid derivatives from Euphorbia thymifolia. · Natural product communications
23.PMID: 22557397 (1984) — Experimental evaluation of dugdhika (euphorbia prostrata w. Ait) for the treatment of 'tamaka svasa' (bronchial asthma). · Ancient science of life
24.PMID: 27657818 (2016) — Toxicity and physiological effect of quercetin on generalist herbivore, Spodoptera litura Fab. and a non-target earthworm Eisenia fetida Savigny. · Chemosphere
25.PMID: 24432368 (2013) — Plants used for treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea by the Bhoxa community of district Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
26.PMID: 21952437 (2011) — Antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of Euphorbia hirta leaves extract studied in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes in rats. · General physiology and biophysics