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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Euonymus alatus (Wei Mao) is a medicinal plant used in Asian countries for treating conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and various inflammatory disorders [PMID:27642361, PMID:32423879].
Background
Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold, also known as Burning Bush, is a deciduous woody shrub or tree species from the Celastraceae family [PMID:34728316, PMID:35493714].
Traditional uses
It has been used for thousands of years in China and other Asian countries to treat urticaria, dysmenorrhea, wounds, dysentery, blood stasis, rheumatism, arthritis, hyperglycemia, and tumors [PMID:32423879, PMID:31731472, PMID:37152296].
Active compounds
The plant contains over 100 chemical constituents, including flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin, rhamnazin-3-O-rutinoside), terpenoids (lupane-type triterpenoids), steroids (e.g., stigmast-4-en-3-one), lignans (e.g., euonymolin A), phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid), and alkaloids [PMID:27642361, PMID:31379978, PMID:39767833, PMID:39493395, PMID:27447684].
Mechanism of action
Antidiabetic effects may involve regulation of insulin signaling, insulin sensitivity, PPARγ, and aldose reductase pathways [PMID:27642361]. Neuroprotective effects are associated with upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activation of the ERK/CREB signaling pathway [PMID:38671881, PMID:36615789]. Bone protection occurs via downregulation of RANKL expression and inhibition of RANKL-mediated signaling [PMID:37764779]. Other mechanisms include inhibition of α-glucosidase [PMID:20368936], downregulation of TGF-β1 in kidney protection [PMID:23227790], and blocking of TβR1-Smad2/3 and TNF-α-NF-κB pathways in liver fibrosis [PMID:30787972].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DDiabetes and Complications
Extracts demonstrated hypoglycemic activity and protection against diabetic nephropathy (lowering HbA1c and urine protein) and diabetic retinopathy (inhibiting angiogenesis) in animal models [PMID:27642361, PMID:23227790, PMID:34728316].
Evidence DCognitive Impairment/Alzheimer's
Leaf and twig extracts mitigated memory deficits and behavioral impairments in scopolamine-induced and 5xFAD transgenic mouse models [PMID:38671881, PMID:32456069, PMID:38472795].
Evidence DOsteoporosis
Ethanolic extract inhibited osteoclast differentiation and alleviated estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in vivo [PMID:37764779].
Evidence DLiver Fibrosis
Ethanol extracts and specific monomers (catechin, kaempferol) alleviated liver fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice [PMID:30787972].
Evidence DImmunosuppression
Leaf extract enhanced immunostimulatory effects and increased NK cell activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rats [PMID:37152296].
Evidence summary
The current evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies and animal models (Level D), with several comprehensive reviews (Level C) summarizing phytochemistry and traditional use. No human clinical trials were provided.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 27642361 (2016) — Euonymus alatus: A Review on Its Phytochemistry and Antidiabetic Activity. · Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
3.PMID: 32423879 (2020) — Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, separation and analysis technologies of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold: A comprehensive review. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
4.PMID: 38671881 (2024) — Euonymus alatus Leaf Extract Attenuates Effects of Aging on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Impairment. · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
— Bioactivity Evaluation and Phytochemical Characterization of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold Leaf Extract.
· Biomedicines
6.PMID: 23227790 (2012) — Euonymus alatus in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in rats. · The American journal of Chinese medicine
7.PMID: 31379978 (2019) — Four New Triterpenoids from the Bark of Euonymus alatus forma ciliato-dentatus. · Phytochemistry letters
8.PMID: 35493714 (2022) — The complete chloroplast genome of Euonymus alatus (Celastraceae). · Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources
9.PMID: 34728316 (2022) — The water extracts of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold attenuate diabetic retinopathy by mediating angiogenesis. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
10.PMID: 39051070 (2024) — [Euonymus alatus delays progression of diabetic kidney disease in mice by regulating EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance signaling pathway]. · Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University
11.PMID: 32456069 (2020) — Neuroprotective Effects of Euonymus alatus Extract on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits in Mice. · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
12.PMID: 37152296 (2023) — Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold leaf extract enhanced immunostimulatory effects in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rat model. · Food & nutrition research
13.PMID: 33537436 (2021) — The complete mitochondrial genome of Euonymus alatus (celastraceae, Euonymus L.). · Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources
15.PMID: 39493395 (2024) — Euonymus alatus and its compounds suppress hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. · Food science and biotechnology
16.PMID: 20368936 (2007) — Inhibitory activity of Euonymus alatus against alpha-glucosidase in vitro and in vivo. · Nutrition research and practice
17.PMID: 38156377 (2023) — Mechanism of Rhodiola rosea-Euonymus alatus drug pair against rheumatoid arthritis: Network pharmacology and experimental validation. · Immunity, inflammation and disease
18.PMID: 21368421 (2011) — [Effect of Euonymus alatus on the blood glucose and hemorheology in the rat model of Type 2 diabetes mellitus with blood stagnation]. · Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences
19.PMID: 15579902 (2005) — Isolation of a gene encoding a 1,2-diacylglycerol-sn-acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase from developing seeds of Euonymus alatus. · The Journal of biological chemistry
20.PMID: 34670011 (2021) — Isolation and purification of flavonoids from Euonymus alatus by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and neuroprotective effect of rhamnazin-3-O-rutinoside in vitro. · Journal of separation science
21.PMID: 30787972 (2019) — Euonymus alatus and its monomers alleviate liver fibrosis both in mice and LX2 cells by blocking TβR1-Smad2/3 and TNF-α-NF-κB pathways. · American journal of translational research
22.PMID: 26172104 (2015) — Chemical Constituents of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. and Their PTP1B and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities. · Phytotherapy research : PTR
23.PMID: 31731472 (2019) — (3β,16α)-3,16-Dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one from the Twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in LPS-Stimulated RAW-264.7 Macrophages. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
24.PMID: 36591818 (2022) — Intervention effect of Potentilla discolor-Euonymus alatus on intestinal flora of type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. · European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
25.PMID: 19152553 (2009) — Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes of Euonymus alatus in cultured rat hepatocytes. · Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology
26.PMID: 36615789 (2022) — Euonymus alatus Twig Extract Protects against Scopolamine-Induced Changes in Brain and Brain-Derived Cells via Cholinergic and BDNF Pathways. · Nutrients
27.PMID: 39272430 (2024) — Protocatechuic Acid from Euonymus alatus Mitigates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice. · Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
28.PMID: 27447684 (2016) — Lignans from the Twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold and Their Biological Evaluation. · Chemistry & biodiversity
29.PMID: 38996951 (2024) — Stigmast-4-en-3-one from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold. improves diabetic retinopathy and angiogenesis mediated by glucocorticoids receptor. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
30.PMID: 26697687 (2015) — Chemical constituents from twigs of Euonymus alatus. · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica