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Compiled from 29 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Wu Gong (Scolopendra subspinipes), also known as the Chinese red-headed centipede, is a venomous arthropod used in traditional East Asian medicine for treating inflammation, pain, and infections [PMID:40423312].
Background
Scolopendra subspinipes is a genus of large, predatory venomous arthropods inhabiting tropical regions of Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, South America, and the Southwestern US [PMID:34969138, PMID:31194452].
Traditional uses
It has been utilized in traditional East Asian medicine for centuries to treat chronic pain, inflammation, convulsions, and infections [PMID:40423312], and has been used to treat tumors in China [PMID:37032730].
Active compounds
Bioactive molecules include peptides (such as SsmTx-I, scolopendrasin X, scolopendin, and scolopentide), alkaloids (including scolopenolines A-L, scolosprine C, and various isoquinolines), and polysaccharide-protein complexes [PMID:40423312, PMID:38600744, PMID:33645030, PMID:28988115, PMID:26342880, PMID:37032730, PMID:28281314].
Mechanism of action
Venom-derived peptides target voltage-gated ion channels (Nav, Kv, Cav) and TRPV1 to produce pain or paralysis [PMID:32260499]. Specifically, SsmTx-I selectively blocks Kv2.1 channels [PMID:24464516]. Antimicrobial peptides like scolopendin target microbial cell membranes, inducing potassium release and increasing permeability [PMID:26342880], while scolopendin 1 induces ROS accumulation and apoptosis in fungi [PMID:25209888]. Certain alkaloids may target the Lamp2 protein for anti-renal-fibrosis activity [PMID:38600744] or induce apoptosis in cancer cells via the mitochondria pathway [PMID:26947248].
Clinical evidence
Evidence DAcute Pancreatitis
Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans water extract protected against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in a mouse model by inhibiting high-mobility group box protein-1 [PMID:23539679]
Evidence DRenal Fibrosis
Certain isolated alkaloids (10, 16-18) exhibit anti-renal-fibrosis activity [PMID:38600744]
Evidence DCancer (In vitro)
Various compounds showed cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines, including hepatoma (scolopentide), glioma (isoquinoline alkaloids), and esophageal squamous cancer cells [PMID:37032730, PMID:26947248, PMID:28281314]
Safety & adverse effects
Envenomation typically causes intense local pain, erythema, edema, and occasionally necrosis [PMID:11434497, PMID:35674561]. Rare severe reactions include myocardial ischemia, rhabdomyolysis, and anaphylaxis [PMID:30273703]. Allergic reactions have been observed following both bites and the clinical use of centipede-containing traditional medicines, linked to the allergen Sco m 5 [PMID:32680616].
Evidence summary
The evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies, animal models, and case reports of envenomation; there is a lack of high-level clinical trial data (RCTs or meta-analyses) for therapeutic use.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 34969138 (2021) — Centipede Bites. · Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals
2.PMID: 31194452 (2026) — Centipede bite. · European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
5.PMID: 23148443 (2012) — Venomic and transcriptomic analysis of centipede Scolopendra subspinipes dehaani. · Journal of proteome research
Government sources
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
6.PMID: 32260499 (2020) — Centipede Venom Peptides Acting on Ion Channels. · Toxins
7.PMID: 38600744 (2024) — Structurally Diverse Alkaloids with Anti-Renal-Fibrosis Activity from the Centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. · Journal of natural products
8.PMID: 33645030 (2021) — [A new quinoline alkaloid from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans]. · Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
9.PMID: 32680616 (2021) — Isolation and characterization of the major centipede allergen Sco m 5 from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. · Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology
10.PMID: 15587246 (2004) — Vietnamese centipede envenomation. · Veterinary and human toxicology
11.PMID: 37032730 (2023) — Antihepatoma peptide, scolopentide, derived from the centipede scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. · World journal of gastroenterology
12.PMID: 40423312 (2025) — Therapeutic Potential of Scolopendra subspinipes: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of Its Bioactive Compounds, Preclinical Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications. · Toxins
13.PMID: 28281314 (2017) — A New 1,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyisoquinoline from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. · Chemistry & biodiversity
14.PMID: 35674561 (2022) — Centipede envenomation (Chilopoda): Case report. · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
15.PMID: 28988115 (2017) — A novel antimicrobial peptide isolated from centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans stimulates neutrophil activity through formyl peptide receptor 2. · Biochemical and biophysical research communications
16.PMID: 35889297 (2022) — Bioactive Peptides and Proteins from Centipede Venoms. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
17.PMID: 26342880 (2015) — A novel antimicrobial peptide, scolopendin, from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans and its microbicidal mechanism. · Biochimie
18.PMID: 23539679 (2013) — Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans protected the cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis by inhibiting high-mobility group box protein-1. · World journal of gastroenterology
19.PMID: 27611363 (2016) — Centipede venoms as a source of drug leads. · Expert opinion on drug discovery
20.PMID: 26947248 (2016) — Two new isoquinoline alkaloids from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human glioma cancer U87 cells. · Fitoterapia
21.PMID: 25209888 (2014) — Identification of a novel antimicrobial peptide, scolopendin 1, derived from centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans and its antifungal mechanism. · Insect molecular biology
22.PMID: 30273703 (2018) — Centipede envenomation: Clinical importance and the underlying molecular mechanisms. · Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
23.PMID: 24464516 (2014) — Isolation and characterization of SsmTx-I, a Specific Kv2.1 blocker from the venom of the centipede Scolopendra Subspinipes Mutilans L. Koch. · Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society
24.PMID: 35863353 (2022) — Venom resistance mechanisms in centipede show tissue specificity. · Current biology : CB