Artemisia maritima

Artemisia maritima contains santonin, a sesquiterpene lactone that acts as an anthelmintic by paralyzing intestinal parasites, particularly roundworms (Ascaris species). The compound disrupts the worms' neuromuscular function, preventing them from maintaining their position in the intestinal tract. This paralysis allows the parasites to be expelled through normal peristalsis. Additional compounds like artabsin and artemisitene may contribute complementary antiparasitic effects. Evidence level: C (preclinical and traditional use).

Artemisia maritima is contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The active compound santonin can cross the placenta and possesses uterine-stimulating properties that may induce miscarriage. Traditional use has firmly established this herb as unsafe for pregnant women. No safe threshold has been established for lactation. Women who are pregnant, nursing, or attempting to conceive should avoid this herb entirely. Evidence level: C (traditional contraindication).

The traditional adult dosage for Artemisia maritima is 2-3 grams of dried herb or 1-2 mL of tincture daily, typically administered in short courses of 7-14 days. Extended use is discouraged due to potential santonin accumulation and toxicity. This herb should never be given to children due to risks of visual toxicity. Always consult a qualified herbalist or healthcare provider for individualized dosing guidance. Evidence level: C (traditional pharmacopoeial standards).

Artemisia maritima may interact with anticoagulant medications, as some Artemisia species affect liver enzyme systems involved in drug metabolism. The herb's bitter compounds stimulate digestive secretions, potentially altering absorption of orally administered drugs. Limited clinical data exists on specific interactions. Patients taking prescription medications, particularly blood thinners or other anthelmintics, should consult a healthcare provider before use. Evidence level: C (theoretical and traditional use).

Common side effects include nausea, gastrointestinal irritation, and digestive discomfort from the herb's bitter principles. A distinctive adverse effect is xanthopsia (yellow-tinted vision), caused by santonin's action on retinal photoreceptors. This visual disturbance is dose-dependent and typically reversible after discontinuation. Large doses may cause more severe neurological symptoms. Discontinue use immediately if visual changes occur and seek medical attention. Evidence level: C (traditional use and case reports).

Artemisia maritima is primarily used as an anthelmintic herb for expelling intestinal roundworms. It also serves as a digestive bitter, stimulating appetite and promoting digestive secretions. Historical use includes treatment of intermittent fevers. The coastal European plant was once a major commercial source of santonin, widely prescribed for parasitic infections before modern pharmaceutical anthelmintics became available. Evidence level: C (traditional use).