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PubMed · Amomum subulatum fruits protect against radiation-induced esophagitis by regulating antioxidant status and inflammatory responses. (2023)
PubMed · <i>Amomum subulatum</i>: A treasure trove of anti-cancer compounds targeting TP53 protein using <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> techniques. (2023)
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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Amomum subulatum, known as black or large cardamom, is a culinary spice and medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties [PMID:41788440, PMID:35638531].
Background
Amomum subulatum Roxb. is an economically important cash crop native to the Himalayan regions of India and Southeast Asia [PMID:38066028, PMID:31989006]. It is a member of the Zingiberaceae family [PMID:31989006].
Traditional uses
In folklore and Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat cancer, lung conditions (cough, lung congestion, pulmonary tuberculosis), snake and scorpion bites, teeth problems, throat ailments, eyelid inflammation, and digestive disorders [PMID:34968666, PMID:41788440]. It is also used in the Unani system of medicine for gastrointestinal disorders [PMID:11297839] and to improve cardiac health [PMID:35638531].
Active compounds
The plant contains bioactive secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and essential oils [PMID:37152127, PMID:35638531, PMID:37206196]. Specific identified compounds include cardamonin, alpinetin [PMID:959382, PMID:22149093], and carvacrol [PMID:37152127]. Essential oils from seeds and rinds are dominated by monoterpenoids such as 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and alpha-terpineol [PMID:23074918, PMID:23023817].
Mechanism of action
Amomum subulatum acts by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms and regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 [PMID:35609850, PMID:34250612]. It has been shown to enhance the expression of Nrf2 and its target genes [PMID:3665567 la], regulate the HO-1 pathway [PMID:33399519], and target the TP53 protein in cancer cells [PMID:37206196].
Clinical evidence
Evidence BCognitive Function (Focus/Alertness)
A full-spectrum aqueous extract (250 mg) significantly improved focus, alertness, and executive function in healthy working-class adults [PMID:42027681].
Evidence DHypertension (Animal Model)
Aqueous extract significantly decreased Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in both normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats, with the maximum reduction (40%) observed at 30 mg/kg [PMID:35638531].
Methanolic extract (MEAS) mitigated total body irradiation-induced oxidative stress, hematopoietic damage, and radiation-induced esophagitis and lung injury [PMID:35609850, PMID:37986451, PMID:36655677].
MEAS reduced hepatic, renal, and pulmonary toxicities by enhancing antioxidant status and reducing proinflammatory cytokines [PMID:34250612].
Evidence DLung Cancer (In Vitro)
Fruit extracts exhibit apoptotic activity against lung cancer cells [PMID:34968666].
Evidence D
Evidence summary
The evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies and animal models (Level D) demonstrating potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and radioprotective effects. There is one clinical trial (Level B) suggesting nootropic benefits in humans.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 34968666 (2022) — Black cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) fruit extracts exhibit apoptotic activity against lung cancer cells. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
2.PMID: 38066028 (2023) — Elevation determines the productivity of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) cultivars in Sikkim Himalaya. · Scientific reports
3.PMID: 35609850 (2022) — Amomum subulatum mitigates total body irradiation-induced oxidative stress and its associated inflammatory response by enhancing the antioxidant status and regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines. · The Journal of nutritional biochemistry
4.PMID: 34250612 (2022) — Antioxidant-rich fraction of Amomum subulatum fruits mitigates experimental methotrexate-induced oxidative stress by regulating TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 proinflammatory cytokines. · Journal of food biochemistry
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Methanolic extract and its fractions inhibited ethanol-induced gastric lesions; the ethyl acetate fraction increased wall mucus in pylorus ligated rats [PMID:11297839].
(2023)
— Insight into the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activities of Amomum subulatum and Amomum xanthioides: an in vitro and in silico study.
· Frontiers in plant science
6.PMID: 37986451 (2023) — Amomum subulatum fruits protect against radiation-induced esophagitis by regulating antioxidant status and inflammatory responses. · Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
7.PMID: 27774899 (2017) — Spices: Therapeutic Potential in Cardiovascular Health. · Current pharmaceutical design
8.PMID: 35638531 (2022) — Beneficial Effects of Black Cardamom (Amomum subulatum) on Hemodynamic Parameters in Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. · Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS
9.PMID: 37206196 (2023) — Amomum subulatum: A treasure trove of anti-cancer compounds targeting TP53 protein using in vitro and in silico techniques. · Frontiers in chemistry
10.PMID: 36591927 (2022) — Insecticidal and Feeding Deterrent Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. and Amomum subulatum on Pieris rapae L. Larva. · Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS
11.PMID: 37803872 (2024) — Black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) extract improves growth potential, antioxidant status, immune parameters and response to crowding stress in Catla catla. · Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition
12.PMID: 23023817 (2013) — Analysis of the essential oil of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) growing in different agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India. · Journal of the science of food and agriculture
13.PMID: 33051407 (2020) — Curvularia eragrostidis, a new threat to large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) causing leaf blight in Sikkim. · Journal of biosciences
14.PMID: 35674590 (2022) — In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic response of the seeds of Amomum subulatum roxb and Vitex negundo. · Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia
15.PMID: 41788440 (2026) — A comprehensive review on phytoconstituents, health benefits and post-harvest processing of Amomum subulatum Roxb. · Journal of food science and technology
16.PMID: 36655677 (2023) — Amomum subulatum mitigates experimental thoracic radiation-induced lung injury by regulating antioxidant status and inflammatory responses. · Food & function
17.PMID: 42027681 (2026) — A full-spectrum aqueous extract of black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) improves focus/alertness and executive function: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo- and active-controlled, comparative study in healthy working-class participants. · Frontiers in neuroscience
18.PMID: 11297839 (2001) — Evaluation of the gastric antiulcerogenic effect of large cardamom (fruits of Amomum subulatum Roxb). · Journal of ethnopharmacology
20.PMID: 23074918 (2012) — Chemical compositions and biological activities of Amomum subulatum essential oils from Nepal. · Natural product communications
21.PMID: 39252625 (2024) — Some Highly Potent Nepalese Medicinal Plants with Antimicrobial Properties. · Current pharmaceutical design
22.PMID: 33897328 (2021) — Composition and pharmacological activity of essential oils from two imported Amomum subulatum fruit samples. · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences
23.PMID: 31989006 (2020) — Data on large cardamom transcriptome associated with Chirke disease. · Data in brief
24.PMID: 29288675 (2018) — Field-usable lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid detection of a macluravirus, large cardamom chirke virus. · Journal of virological methods
25.PMID: 26518036 (2016) — Cardamom Bushy Dwarf Virus Infection in Large Cardamom Alters Plant Selection Preference, Life Stages, and Fecundity of Aphid Vector, Micromyzus kalimpongensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae). · Environmental entomology
26.PMID: 33399519 (2021) — Anti-Inflammatory Potential Exhibited by Amomum subulatum Fruits Mitigates Experimentally Induced Acute and Chronic Inflammation in Mice: Evaluation of Antioxidant Parameters, Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and HO-1 Pathway. · Journal of the American College of Nutrition
27.PMID: 22149093 (2012) — Cancer cell signaling pathways targeted by spice-derived nutraceuticals. · Nutrition and cancer
28.PMID: 36616162 (2022) — Anti-Microbial Activity of Aliphatic Alcohols from Chinese Black Cardamom (Amomum tsao-ko) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. · Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
29.PMID: 959382 (1976) — Cardamonin and alpinetin from the seeds of Amomum subulatum. · Planta medica
30.PMID: 29600757 (2018) — Preclinical Hepatoprotective Effect of Herbalism Against Ethanol Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Review. · Current drug metabolism