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This sheet was compiled from PubMed (NIH) abstracts using AI assistance. Every factual claim is cited to a real PubMed article (see the source list). It has not yet been human-reviewed — confirm with a healthcare provider before use.
Compiled from 30 PubMed articles · model: gemma4:31b
Summary
Musta Root (Cyperus rotundus) is a perennial herb used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and gynecological properties [PMID:26167002, 36278199].
Background
Cyperus rotundus, also known as purple nutsedge, is a widespread perennial weed found in tropical and subtropical regions [PMID:26297840, 41261118]. It is characterized by the production of tubers that, unlike its relative Cyperus esculentus, do not accumulate high levels of oil and are not desiccation-tolerant [PMID:36050843, 33653389].
Traditional uses
Traditionally used to treat diarrhea, diabetes, pyresis, inflammation, malaria, and stomach and bowel disorders [PMID:26297840]. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the rhizomes are used for liver disease, stomach pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual irregularities [PMID:37359712]. It is also used in Ayurveda as a substitute for Aconitum heterophyllum [PMID:26167002, 25878466].
Active compounds
Bioactive compounds include α-cyperone, α-corymbolol, α-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, cyperotundone, germacrene D, mustakone, and zierone [PMID:34539969]. Other identified constituents include volatile oils, flavonoids, terpenes, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, and alkaloids [PMID:36278199, 37359712].
Mechanism of action
α-Cyperone has been shown to safeguard against cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which increases the expression of HO-1, NQO1, and SOD-1 to reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis [PMID:40513934]. Flavonoids in the oil exhibit antiandrogenic activity on androgenic hair [PMID:24408514].
Clinical evidence
Evidence BUnwanted axillary hair
Topical Cyperus rotundus oil is an effective and safe method to decrease hair growth, with efficacy comparable to Alexandrite laser photo-epilation [PMID:24408514]
Evidence AAxillary Hyperpigmentation
Cyperus rotundus oil demonstrated significant effectiveness in reducing pigmentation with minimal side effects [PMID:40843925]
Evidence DCerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury
In male mice, α-Cyperone diminished lesion volume, enhanced neuronal function, and reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress [PMID:40513934]
Evidence DCandida infections
A fraction from the rhizome containing α-Cyperone showed fungicidal activity against different species of Candida [PMID:33419126]
Safety & adverse effects
Topical use of C. rotundus oil for axillary hyperpigmentation was associated with minimal side effects [PMID:40843925].
Evidence summary
Evidence ranges from high-level systematic reviews for dermatological applications to preclinical animal models for neuroprotection and in vitro studies for antifungal activity.
PubMed sources
1.PMID: 24408514 (2014) — Topical Cyperus rotundus oil: a new therapeutic modality with comparable efficacy to Alexandrite laser photo-epilation. · Aesthetic surgery journal
2.PMID: 36050843 (2022) — A seed-like proteome in oil-rich tubers. · The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology
3.PMID: 36273747 (2023) — Qi Gong Wan ameliorates adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation in adipose tissue in a PCOS mouse model through the Nrf2/HO-1/Cyp1b1 pathway: Integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation in vivo. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
4.PMID: 26167002 (2015) — Pharmacology of Ativisha, Musta and their substitutes. · Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine
No direct government monograph is available for this herb. The content below is AI-generated and has not been verified against an authoritative government source. Use the search links to check official sources before relying on this information.
— Yellow and purple nutsedge and coffee senna as hosts of common plant nematodes in Florida.
· Journal of nematology
6.PMID: 34184407 (2021) — Sorghum cover crop and repeated soil fumigation for purple nutsedge management in tomato production. · Pest management science
7.PMID: 33653389 (2021) — High oil accumulation in tuber of yellow nutsedge compared to purple nutsedge is associated with more abundant expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol storage. · Biotechnology for biofuels
8.PMID: 25878466 (2015) — Abhava pratinidhi dravya: A comparative phytochemistry of Ativisha, Musta and related species. · Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine
9.PMID: 18268302 (2008) — Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on invasive plants: comparison of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L. and C. esculentus L.). · Journal of environmental quality
10.PMID: 16659181 (1975) — Differential cold tolerance, starch, sugar, protein, and lipid of yellow and purple nutsedge tubers. · Plant physiology
11.PMID: 34179811 (2019) — Meloidogyne aegracyperi n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing yellow and purple nutsedge in New Mexico. · Journal of nematology
12.PMID: 26297840 (2015) — Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. · Journal of ethnopharmacology
13.PMID: 30812498 (2004) — First Report of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and Purple Nutsedge (C. rotundus) in Georgia Naturally Infected with Impatiens necrotic spot virus. · Plant disease
14.PMID: 25653664 (2015) — Control of yellow and purple nutsedge in elevated CO2 environments with glyphosate and halosulfuron. · Frontiers in plant science
15.PMID: 22476068 (2010) — Morphological and physiological responses of lowland purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) to flooding. · AoB PLANTS
16.PMID: 34381907 (2021) — Morphological diversity in purple nutsedge from four agro-ecological zones in Ghana. · Heliyon
17.PMID: 30849842 (1999) — Occurrence of Dactylaria higginsii on Purple Nutsedge in Florida. · Plant disease
18.PMID: 41261118 (2025) — Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly and Annotation of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae). · Scientific data
19.PMID: 33419126 (2021) — Anticapsular and Antifungal Activity of α-Cyperone. · Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
20.PMID: 38436512 (2024) — Detection and coverage estimation of purple nutsedge in turf with image classification neural networks. · Pest management science
21.PMID: 40843925 (2025) — Axillary Hyperpigmentation Treatment: A Systematic Review of the Literature. · Journal of cosmetic dermatology
22.PMID: 19259526 (2008) — Nutsedge Counts Predict Meloidogyne incognita Juvenile Counts in an Integrated Management System. · Journal of nematology
23.PMID: 34539969 (2021) — Cyperus spp.: A Review on Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Health-Promoting Effects. · Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
24.PMID: 39731027 (2024) — Understanding the triacylglycerol-based carbon anabolic differentiation in Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus rotundus developing tubers via transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches. · BMC plant biology
25.PMID: 40513934 (2025) — α-Cyperone safeguards against cerebral ischaemia‒reperfusion injury through the activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway. · European journal of pharmacology
26.PMID: 36278199 (2022) — Systematic review of ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Cyperi Rhizoma. · Frontiers in pharmacology
27.PMID: 37359712 (2023) — Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review. · Phytochemistry reviews : proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe
28.PMID: 33825562 (2021) — Cyperus rotundus: a safe forage or hyper phytostabilizer species in copper contaminated soils. · International journal of phytoremediation
29.PMID: 30002998 (2018) — Plants in traditional medicine with special reference to Cyperus rotundus L.: a review. · 3 Biotech
30.PMID: 36437553 (2023) — Research Progress of Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. · The American journal of Chinese medicine